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Section 鈪� Reading Comprehension

Text 2

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish

their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around 锟�500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

26. Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because________

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have________

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B] gone through an existential crisis.

[C] revived the publishing industry.

[D] financed researchers generously.

28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

[A] Relieved.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Concerned

[D] Encouraged.

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________

[A]allow publishers some room to make money.

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially.

[D] free universities from financial burdens.

30. Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?

[A] Trial subscription is offered.

[B] Labour triumphs over status.

[C] Costs are well controlled.

D] The few feed on the many.

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26, 绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤� D its content acquisition cost nothing

鏍规摎(j霉)椤屽共涓棞(gu膩n)閸佃a licence to print money because ,瀹氫綅鍒扮涓€娈电浜屽彞锛屽叾浠栫瀛�(xu茅)瀹朵篃鍏嶈不(f猫i)閫�(j矛n)琛屽悓琛岃⿻(p铆ng)璀扮殑灏堥杸宸ヤ綔锛屽洜?y脿n)妯楊彆璋寰楀湴浣嶅拰鐢熺敘(ch菐n)绉戝(xu茅)鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鐨勬牳蹇冭绱�銆傛纰洪伕闋�(xi脿ng)D锛宎cquisition鍘熻锛� for free鏇挎彌閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓殑锛宑ost nothing.

27, 绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤� A thrived mainly on universities libraries

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28鎱�(t脿i)搴﹂ B concerned

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29鎺ㄦ柗椤� A allow publishers some room to make money

鏍规摎(j霉)椤屽共闂�(gu膩n)閸佃open access瀹氫綅鍒扮鍥涙锛屾渶鍚庝竴鍙� ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,鍚堢悊鏀跺彇璨�(f猫i)鐢ㄦ槸鏈締(l谩i)鍑虹増鍟嗚兘澶犵嵅鍒╋紝A閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鐐哄悓缇╂浛鎻�銆侭 render publishing much easier for scientists浣跨櫦(f膩)琛ㄥ皪(du矛)绉戝(xu茅)瀹朵締(l谩i)瑾�(shu艒)瀹规槗寰楀 .C reduce the cost of publication substantiality 闄嶄綆鍑虹増鎴愭湰 D. free universities from financial burdens浣垮ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鎿鸿劔璨�(c谩i)鏀胯矤(f霉)鎿�(d膩n)

30 绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)椤� D the few feed on the many

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