濡傛灉浣犵殑鐩(bi膩o)涓嶆槸娌栧埡婊垮垎锛岃€屾槸鍦ㄧ洝鍙兘鐭殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撻噷鐩″彲鑳芥彁楂樻垚绺�(j墨)锛岄偅涔堜互涓嬬殑閫欎簺鎴戝€�?c猫)璇檼W(xu茅)鍜屽煿瑷�(x霉n)涓殑缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)鎶€宸х浉淇″皪(du矛)浣犻兘鏈�(hu矛)寰堟湁鍊熼憭鎰忕京鐨�!

鍠——鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄨ儗涔熶笉鏅�

鍦ㄦ帴涓嬩締(l谩i)閫欐鏅�(sh铆)闁撴€ч噷锛屽鏋滀綘鐢ㄤ竴鍛ㄥ乏鍙崇殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撴瘡澶╄姳鍑轰竴娈靛浐瀹氱殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撲締(l谩i)澶ч噺鍦板挤(qi谩ng)鏀诲柈瑭�(涓昏鎳�(y墨ng)鏄偅浜涘湪鍥涚礆(j铆)鑰冪侗涓€屼笉鍦ㄩ珮涓€冭│鑼冨湇鍏�(n猫i)鐨勫洓绱�(j铆)“楂橀洠瑭�”)锛岄€欐ǎ浣犵殑鏀剁嵅鐨勪笉鍍呮槸闁辫畝鍜岃伣(t墨ng)鍔涚殑鎻愰珮锛屾洿閲嶈鐨勬槸灏�(du矛)鑷繁鐨勪俊蹇�!鐣�(d膩ng)鐒堕€欐檪(sh铆)鍊欒儗鍠锛岃獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)瀹冨氨琛屼簡锛屼笉蹇呯煡閬撳畠鎬庝箞鎷煎锛屽洜?y脿n)姒ц瘝鍒鍐庮€旀噿鎬傚嫙?j铆)鏂拌鐨勬剰鎬�锛屾妸瀹冪敤鍦ㄤ綔鏂囦腑鐨勫彲鑳介倓鏄緢灏�銆傚彟澶栨湁骞惧€�(g猫)閲濆皪(du矛)鍥涚礆(j铆)闁辫畝鐨勫柈瑭為潪甯搁噸瑕�锛屽ぇ瀹朵竴瀹氳娉ㄦ剰锛歱ositive(鑲畾鐨�)锛宯egative(鍚﹀畾鐨�)锛宯eutral銆€(涓珛鐨�)锛宨ndifferent銆€(婕犱笉闂�(gu膩n)蹇冪殑)锛宱ptimistic銆€(妯�(l猫)瑙€鐨�)锛宲essimistic銆€(鎮茶鐨�)锛岄€欏咕鍊�(g猫)琛ㄦ槑浣滆€呮厠(t脿i)搴︾殑瑭炵稉(j墨ng)甯稿湪闁辫畝鐞嗚В椤岀殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)涓嚭銆�

鑱�(t墨ng)鍔�——鍙嶅京(f霉)鑱�(t墨ng)鐪熼

瑕佹兂鍦ㄧ煭鏅�(sh铆)闁撳収(n猫i)鎻愰珮鑱�(t墨ng)鍔�锛屾渶濂界殑杈︽硶灏辨槸澶氳伣(t墨ng)銆傚湪閫欎笉鍒颁竴鍊�(g猫)鏈堢殑鏅�(sh铆)闁撻噷锛屼笉鐢ㄨ伣(t墨ng)澶鐨勮紨灏�(d菐o)鏉愭枡锛屾壘渚�(l谩i)姝峰勾鐪熼鐨勮伣(t墨ng)鍔涳紝鍙嶅京(f霉)鑱�(t墨ng)锛屾妸鎻″嚭椤岀殑鎬濊矾鍜岄寗闊崇殑瑾�(y菙)閫�銆佽獮(y菙)瑾�(di脿o)銆�

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鍢楄│鑱�(t墨ng)鍓嶉爯(y霉)娓�(c猫)鍥涚礆(j铆)鑱�(t墨ng)鍔涚悊瑙ｅ緸闁�(k膩i)濮嬫挱鏀鹃闋煶妯�(l猫)鍒版寮忛枊(k膩i)濮嬪仛椤屼箣鍓�锛屽ぇ绱勬湁2鍒嗛悩鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁�銆傚洜姝�锛屽ぇ瀹跺彲浠ュ厖鍒嗗埄鐢ㄩ€欐鏅�(sh铆)闁撳幓闁辫畝瑭﹀嵎涓婂悇椤岀殑閬告搰闋�(xi脿ng)锛岀洝閲忕埈(zh膿ng)鍙栧湪閫�2鍒嗛悩鍏�(n猫i)澶氱湅骞鹃亾椤岀殑閬搁爡(xi脿ng)锛岄€欐ǎ灏卞彲浠ュ仛鍒拌伣(t墨ng)鍓嶉爯(y霉)娓�(c猫)銆傜暥(d膩ng)鐒跺湪鑱�(t墨ng)鐨勬檪(sh铆)鍊欎篃瑕侀伩鍏嶅洜?y脿n)妾玘(gu貌)鍒嗘敞閲嶆瘡鍊�(g猫)鍠鑰屽奖闊垮皪(du矛)鍏ㄧ瘒涓績鎬濇兂鐨勭悊瑙ｃ€傝伣(t墨ng)鍓嶉爯(y霉)娓�(c猫)閭勮鏈変竴瀹氱殑瀹㈣渚濇摎(j霉)锛屽嵆瑭遍鎵€浣跨敤鐨勮瑾�(y菙)鐨勮寖鍦�锛岄€欑ó鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅秺鍏烽珨鑼冨湇灏辫秺绐�銆傞€欐ǎ鎴戝€戝氨鍙互閫氶亷(gu貌)闁辫畝閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鎺ㄦ脯(c猫)鑱�(t墨ng)鍔涙潗鏂欏彲鑳芥秹鍙婂埌浠€涔堥鏉愬拰瀹冪殑鍏�(n猫i)瀹�銆�

鍔涙眰蹇€熸(bi膩o)鍑虹瓟妗堝鏋滈亣鍒伴洠椤岋紝瑕佺暥(d膩ng)姗�(j墨)绔嬫柗锛屽崈钀�(w脿n)涓嶈鍦ㄤ竴閬撻涓婅姳澶鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁�銆傜洝閲忎綑涓嬪咕绉掓檪(sh铆)闁撲互渚跨€忚涓嬩竴椤岀殑閬告搰闋�(xi脿ng)銆傞€氶亷(gu貌)鍐嶆鐎忚锛屾垜鍊戝熀鏈笂鍙互闋�(y霉)娓�(c猫)鍑烘墍鎻愬晱(w猫n)椤岀殑澶ц嚧鏂瑰悜锛屽緸鑰屽彲浣胯嚜宸卞湪鑱�(t墨ng)鍔涙脯(c猫)瑭︿腑铏曚簬涓诲嫊(d貌ng)鍦颁綅銆�

闁辫畝——鎷块珮鍒嗙殑濂芥柟娉�

鎴戠従(xi脿n)鍦ㄧ附绲�(ji茅)鍑轰竴姊濊秴绱�(j铆)绨�(ji菐n)鍠殑闁辫畝寰楅珮鍒嗙殑杈︽硶锛�

蹇€熼柋璁€鏂囩珷閫熷害澶х磩鐐�200瀛�/鍒嗛悩銆傞噸榛�(di菐n)鏄帉鎻℃枃绔犲ぇ鎰忓強姣忎竴娈靛ぇ姒傝瑳浠€涔堛€傚洜姝�锛岀涓€娈靛拰姣忎竴娈电殑棣栧彞瑕佷粩绱�(x矛)闁辫畝銆�

鍋氶涓嶈鎲戝嵃璞℃湰鎵剧殑闂�(gu膩n)閸垫槸姣忎竴閬撻蹇呴爤鍥炲埌鍘熸枃涓壘鍒板嚭铏�-涔熷氨鏄兘澶犺瓑鏄庨€欓亾椤屾纰虹瓟妗堢殑閮ㄥ垎锛屽崈钀�(w脿n)涓嶈鎲戝嵃璞�锛屾啈缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)銆�

涓嶇敤鑺辨檪(sh铆)闁撳京(f霉)鏌ユ湁浜鸿瑾�(shu艒)锛屼綘閫欏€�(g猫)“鑰佽睛娉�”澶€佷簡锛屾牴鏈劇(w煤)鐢�銆傝珛(q菒ng)娉ㄦ剰锛屼互鍓嶆垜浜︽湁鍚屾劅锛屼絾鏄暥(d膩ng)鎴戜笉鎶樹笉鎵ｇ殑鐓ф鍩�(zh铆)琛岋紝鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鏁堟灉鍏朵匠銆備竴鑸�40鍒嗙殑闁辫畝鐞嗚В锛�32鍒嗕笉鎴愬晱(w猫n)椤�锛屾墍浠ヤ篃寤鸿浣犱笉濡ㄤ竴瑭�銆�

鍌欐敞锛氱暥(d膩ng)鐒堕€欏彧鏄竴绋妧宸�锛岃鍖噺鍜岄柋璁€鎶€鑳藉绲傛槸闁辫畝寰楅珮鍒嗙殑闂�(gu膩n)閸�銆備富瑕佸緸浠ヤ笅骞惧€�(g猫)鏂归潰钁楁墜锛�

1銆佽鍖柟闈�

閬搁爡(xi脿ng)鐨勮獮(y菙)缇╄鲸鏋愯獮(y菙)缇╄鲸鏋愪富瑕侀泦涓湪瀵�(sh铆)瑭�(鍚嶈锛屽嫊(d貌ng)瑭�锛屽舰瀹硅鍜屽壇瑭�)锛岄伕闋�(xi脿ng)寰€寰€浠ュ悓缇╄锛岃繎缇╄锛屽弽缇╄鎴栧舰杩戞槗娣疯鐨勫舰寮忓嚭鐝�(xi脿n)銆傚浐瀹氭惌閰嶅浐瀹氭惌閰嶄互鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�锛屽舰瀹硅鑸囧壇瑭烇紝浠嬭妲�(g貌u)鎴愮殑瑭炵祫灞呭锛岄€欎簺瑭炵祫鍑虹従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ畬褰㈠～绌轰腑锛屼富瑕佷互鍓鍜屼粙瑭炵偤鑰冮粸(di菐n)銆�

2銆佽獮(y菙)娉曟柟闈�

瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞涓昏鑰冮€ｆ帴瑭�锛岄檺瀹氳垏闈為檺瀹氬畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒ワ紝瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞鐨勫垽鍒�(鍗€(q奴)鍒嗗畾瑾�(y菙)寰炲彞鑸囧叾瀹冧富寰炲京(f霉)鍚堝彞)銆傞潪璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�(鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炰笉瀹氬紡锛岀従(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ垎瑭烇紝閬�(gu貌)鍘诲垎瑭�锛屽嫊(d貌ng)鍚嶈)銆傞倧杓富瑾�(y菙)(涓昏鏄潪璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炵殑閭忚集涓昏獮(y菙))鍦ㄥ彞娉曚笂涓嶆槸涓昏瑐闂�(gu膩n)绯伙紝浣嗗湪瑾�(y菙)缇╀笂鐐烘柦鍕�(d貌ng)鑰呰垏鍕�(d貌ng)浣滅殑闂�(gu膩n)绯�銆�

鍙ュ瀷鍙ュ紡鍖呮嫭鍗€(q奴)鍒ョ啊(ji菐n)鍠彞锛屽苟鍒楀彞锛屽皪(du矛)绋辩祼(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鎴栫渷鐣�锛屽€掕鍙婂壊瑁傜殑寰�(f霉)闆滃彞瀛愩€傝椤炰箣闁撶殑鎼厤瑕佹眰濡傚悕瑭為渶瑕佸舰瀹硅锛屽悕瑭�锛屽啝瑭�锛岄潪璎傝獮(y菙)鍕�(d貌ng)瑭�锛岃绲勫強瀹氳獮(y菙)寰炲彞淇＞;鍕�(d貌ng)瑭為渶瑕佸壇瑭炶绲勪慨椋�;鍙婄墿鍕�(d貌ng)瑭炲悗鎳�(y墨ng)鍔犺硴瑾�(y菙)绛�銆�

3銆佽獮(y菙)绡囨柟闈�

瑾�(y菙)澧冭獮(y菙)澧冨氨鏄垜鍊戝钩甯告墍瑾�(shu艒)鐨勪笂涓嬫枃锛屽唬缇╃殑瑾�(y菙)澧冩寚鎵€鏈夌殑涓婁笅鏂�锛屾鑸囨涔嬮枔,鍙ュ瓙鑸囧彞瀛愪箣闁�锛屽彞瀛愯垏娈典箣闁撶殑瑾�(y菙)缇╅棞(gu膩n)绯�銆傜嫻缇╃殑瑾�(y菙)澧冩寚鍙ュ瓙鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ殑瑭炶獮(y菙)涔嬮枔鍦ㄨ獮(y菙)缇╀笂鐨勮伅(li谩n)绯�銆備竴鍒囪獮(y菙)缇╃殑鐞嗚В閮介洟涓嶉枊(k膩i)瑾�(y菙)澧�銆�

鍙ラ殯涔嬮枔鐨勯倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯诲畬褰㈠～绌轰腑锛屽彞闅涗箣闁撶殑閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯讳富瑕佸寘鎷細骞跺垪闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁and,銆€while绛�);杞�(zhu菐n)鎶橀棞(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁but,銆€however,銆€though,銆€whereas,銆€nevertheless绛�);鍥犳灉闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁so,therefore,銆€thus,銆€because,銆€for,銆€since, as绛�);璁撴闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁though,銆€although,銆€despite,銆€in銆€spite銆€of绛�);姊濅欢闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁if,銆€unless,銆€once,銆€provided銆€that,銆€in銆€case銆€(of)绛�);瑙ｉ噵闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁i.e.,銆€that銆€is銆€to銆€say,銆€in銆€other銆€words绛�);闋嗗簭闂�(gu膩n)绯�(閫ｆ帴瑭炴湁before,銆€after,銆€and,銆€first,銆€second,銆€then,銆€next,銆€finally绛�)