銆€銆€鍒嗗瓙鍏�(n猫i)鍘熷瓙闁撶殑绲�(ji茅)鍚堥潬鍖栧(xu茅)閸�锛岀墿璩�(zh矛)涓垎瀛愰枔瀛樺湪钁楀垎瀛愰枔浣滅敤鍔涖€�

銆€銆€涓€銆佹サ鎬у垎瀛愯垏闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛�

銆€銆€1銆佸垎瀛愮殑妤垫€�

銆€銆€鍒嗗瓙鐨勬闆婚噸蹇冨拰璨�(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冧笉閲嶅悎锛屽墖鐐烘サ鎬у垎瀛�锛屽叾妤垫€х殑澶у皬鍙互鐢ㄥ伓妤电煩 μ渚�(l谩i)搴﹂噺銆�

銆€銆€闆欏師瀛愬垎瀛� HCl 鐨勬璨�(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冧笉閲嶅悎锛屾槸妤垫€у垎瀛�銆傝嫢姝ｉ浕( 鍜岃矤(f霉)闆� )閲嶅績涓婄殑闆昏嵎鐨勯浕閲忕偤q 锛屾璨�(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冧箣闁撶殑璺濋洟鐐篸 ( 绋卞伓妤电煩闀�(zh菐ng) )锛�

銆€銆€鍓囧伓妤电煩μ = q d

銆€銆€鍋舵サ鐭╀互寰锋嫓(D)鐐哄柈浣�锛岀暥(d膩ng)q = 1.62 10-19搴�(k霉)渚�(闆诲瓙鐨勯浕閲� )锛�

銆€銆€d= 1.0 ×10-10 m ( Å ) 鏅�(sh铆)锛� μ = 4.8D 銆�

銆€銆€鍙互閫氶亷(gu貌)涓嬪垪鐨勬暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)楂旀渻(hu矛)鍋舵サ鐭╁柈浣� D 鐨勫ぇ灏忥細

銆€銆€HI HBr HCl NH3 H2O 涔欓啔

銆€銆€μ/ D 0.38 0.79 1.03 1.66 1.85 1.15

銆€銆€闆欏師瀛愬垎瀛愮殑鍋舵サ鐭╁氨鏄サ鎬ч嵉鐨勯嵉鐭�(閸电殑妤垫€уぇ灏�)銆�

銆€銆€澶氬師瀛愬垎瀛愮殑鍋舵サ鐭╂槸鍚勯嵉鐭╃殑鐭㈤噺鍜岋紝濡� H2O 鍒嗗瓙 銆�

銆€銆€闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愬伓妤电煩鐐洪浂锛屼絾鍚勯嵉鐭╀笉涓€瀹氱偤闆�锛屽 BCl 3 锛�

銆€銆€妤垫€у垎瀛愮殑鍋舵サ鐭╃ū鐐烘案涔呭伓妤�銆�

銆€銆€2銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鍋舵サ鍜岀灛闁撳伓妤�

銆€銆€闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愬湪澶栭浕鍫�(ch菐ng)鐨勪綔鐢ㄤ笅锛屽彲浠ヨ畩鎴愬叿鏈変竴瀹氬伓妤电煩鐨勬サ鎬у垎瀛�銆�

銆€銆€鑰屾サ鎬у垎瀛愬湪澶栭浕鍫�(ch菐ng)浣滅敤涓�锛屽叾鍋舵サ涔熷彲浠ュ澶�銆傚湪闆诲牬(ch菐ng)鐨勫奖闊夸笅鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺殑鍋舵サ绋辩偤瑾樺皫(d菐o)鍋舵サ銆�

銆€銆€瑾樺皫(d菐o)鍋舵サ鐢�  µ 琛ㄧず锛� 鍏跺挤(qi谩ng)搴﹀ぇ灏忓拰闆诲牬(ch菐ng)寮�(qi谩ng)搴︽垚姝ｆ瘮锛屼篃鍜屽垎瀛愮殑璁婂舰鎬ф垚姝ｆ瘮銆�

銆€銆€鎵€璎傚垎瀛愮殑璁婂舰鎬�锛屽嵆鍒嗗瓙鐨勬璨�(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冪殑鍙垎绋嬪害锛屽垎瀛愰珨绌嶈秺澶�锛岄浕瀛愯秺澶�锛岃畩褰㈡€ц秺澶с€�

銆€銆€闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愬湪鐒�(w煤)澶栭浕鍫�(ch菐ng)浣滅敤鏅�(sh铆)锛岀敱浜庨亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)銆佺鎾�锛屽師瀛愭牳鍜岄浕瀛愮殑鐩稿皪(du矛)浣嶇疆璁婂寲 … … 鍏舵璨�(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冨彲鏈夌灛闁撶殑涓嶉噸鍚�;妤垫€у垎瀛愪篃鏈�(hu矛)鐢变簬涓婅堪鍘熷洜鏀硅畩姝ｈ矤(f霉)闆婚噸蹇�銆�

銆€銆€閫欑ó鐢变簬鍒嗗瓙鍦ㄤ竴鐬枔姝ｈ矤(f霉)闆婚噸蹇冧笉閲嶅悎鑰岄€犳垚鐨勫伓妤靛彨鐬枔鍋舵サ銆�

銆€銆€鐬枔鍋舵サ鍜屽垎瀛愮殑璁婂舰鎬уぇ灏忔湁闂�(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€浜�銆� 鍒嗗瓙闁撲綔鐢ㄥ姏 (鑼冨痉鑿姏)

銆€銆€鍖栧(xu茅)閸电殑绲�(ji茅)鍚堣兘涓€鑸湪1.0 ×10 2kJ · mol-1 鏁�(sh霉)閲忕礆(j铆)锛岃€屽垎瀛愰枔鍔涚殑鑳介噺鍙湁骞惧€�(g猫) kJ · mol-1 銆�

銆€銆€1 銆佸彇鍚戝姏

銆€銆€妤垫€у垎瀛愪箣闁撴案涔呭伓妤电殑瀹氬悜浣滅敤绋辩偤鍙栧悜鍔�锛屽畠鍍呭瓨鍦ㄤ簬妤垫€у垎瀛愪箣闁擄紝 F ∝ μ2 銆�

銆€銆€2 銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鍔�

銆€銆€瑾樺皫(d菐o)鍋舵サ——姘镐箙鍋舵サ涔嬮枔鐨勪綔鐢ㄧū鐐鸿獦灏�(d菐o)鍔涖€�

銆€銆€妤垫€у垎瀛愪綔鐐洪浕鍫�(ch菐ng)锛屼娇闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愮敘(ch菐n)鐢熻獦灏�(d菐o)鍋舵サ鎴栦娇妤垫€у垎瀛愮殑鍋舵サ澧炲ぇ(涔熺敘(ch菐n)鐢熻獦灏�(d菐o)鍋舵サ)锛岄€欐檪(sh铆)瑾樺皫(d菐o)鍋舵サ鑸囨案涔呭伓妤典箣闁撶敘(ch菐n)鐢熻獦灏�(d菐o)鍔�銆傚洜姝よ獦灏�(d菐o)鍔涘瓨鍦ㄤ簬妤垫€у垎瀛愯垏闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愪箣闁�锛屼篃瀛樺湪浜庢サ鎬у垎瀛愯垏妤垫€у垎瀛愪箣闁�銆�

銆€銆€3 鑹叉暎鍔�

銆€銆€鐬枔鍋舵サ —— 鐬枔鍋舵サ涔嬮枔鏈夎壊鏁ｅ姏銆�

銆€銆€鐢变簬鍚勭ó鍒嗗瓙鍧囨湁鐬枔鍋舵サ锛屾晠鑹叉暎鍔涘瓨鍦ㄤ簬妤垫€у垎鍜屾サ鎬у垎瀛愶紝妤垫€у垎瀛愬拰闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愬強闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愬拰闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愪箣闁� 銆�(鎵€鏈夊垎瀛愰枔鍧囨湁鑹叉暎鍔�)

銆€銆€鑹叉暎鍔涗笉鍍呭瓨鍦ㄥ唬娉�锛岃€屼笖鍦ㄥ垎瀛愰枔鍔涗腑锛岃壊鏁ｅ姏缍�(j墨ng)甯告槸閲嶈鐨勩€備笅闈㈢殑鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)鍙互瑾�(shu艒)鏄庨€欎竴榛�(di菐n)銆�

銆€銆€kJ∙mol-1 鍙栧悜鍔� 瑾樺皫(d菐o)鍔� 鑹叉暎鍔�

銆€銆€Ar 0 0 8.49

銆€銆€HCl 3.305 1.104 16.82

銆€銆€鍙栧悜鍔�銆佽獦灏�(d菐o)鍔涘拰鑹叉暎鍔涚当(t菕ng)绋辫寖寰疯彲鍔涖€傜壒鎬х偤锛�

銆€銆€姘搁仩(yu菐n)瀛樺湪浜庡垎瀛愪箣闁�; 鍔涚殑浣滅敤寰堝皬;鐒�(w煤)鏂瑰悜鎬у拰椋藉拰鎬�;

銆€銆€鏄繎绋嬪姏锛孎(xi脿n) ∝ 1 / r7;缍�(j墨ng)甯告槸浠ヨ壊鏁ｅ姏鐐轰富銆�

銆€銆€He銆丯e銆丄r銆並r銆乆e 寰炲乏鍒板彸鍘熷瓙鍗婂緫(鍒嗗瓙鍗婂緫)渚濇澧炲ぇ锛岃畩褰㈡€у澶�锛岃壊鏁ｅ姏澧炲挤(qi谩ng)锛屽垎瀛愰枔绲�(ji茅)鍚堝姏澧炲ぇ锛屾晠b. p. 渚濇澧為珮?锛熸ⅱ?ji脿n)锛岃寖寰疯彲鍔涚殑澶у皬鑸囩墿璩�(zh矛)鐨� m. p. 锛宐. p. 绛夌墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€绺界祼(ji茅)锛氬垎瀛愰枔浣滅敤鍔涚殑瀛樺湪

銆€銆€1銆佹サ鎬ц垏妤垫€у垎瀛愰枔——瀛樺湪钁椾笁绋姏

銆€銆€2銆佹サ鎬ц垏闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愰枔—瀛樺湪浜岀ó鍔�

銆€銆€3銆侀潪妤垫€ц垏闈炴サ鎬у垎瀛愰枔—瀛樺湪涓€绋姏

銆€銆€涓�銆� 姘� 閸�

銆€銆€1銆� 姘嵉鐨勫舰鎴�

銆€銆€浠� HF鐐轰緥锛孎(xi脿n)鐨勯浕璨�(f霉)鎬х浉鐣�(d膩ng)澶э紝r鐩哥暥(d膩ng)灏�锛岄浕瀛愬皪(du矛)鍋忓悜F锛岃€孒骞句箮鎴愪簡璩�(zh矛)瀛愩€傞€欑óH鑸囧叾瀹冨垎瀛愪腑闆昏矤(f霉)鎬х浉鐣�(d膩ng)澶�銆乺灏忕殑鍘熷瓙鐩镐簰鎺ヨ繎鏅�(sh铆)锛岀敘(ch菐n)鐢熶竴绋壒娈婄殑鍒嗗瓙闁撳姏 —— 姘嵉 銆� 琛ㄧず鐐� · · · ·

銆€銆€濡� F - H · · · · F - H

銆€銆€鍙堝姘村垎瀛愪箣闁撶殑姘嵉

銆€銆€鍙堝姘村垎瀛愪箣闁撶殑姘嵉

銆€銆€姘嵉鐨勫舰鎴愭湁鍏╁€�(g猫)鍏╁€�(g猫)姊濅欢锛�

銆€銆€鑸囬浕璨�(f霉)鎬уぇ涓攔灏忕殑鍘熷瓙 ( F锛孫锛� N ) 鐩搁€ｇ殑H;

銆€銆€鍦ㄩ檮杩戞湁闆昏矤(f霉)鎬уぇ锛宺灏忕殑鍘熷瓙 ( F锛孫锛孨 ) 銆�

銆€銆€(2 ) 姘嵉鐨勭壒榛�(di菐n)

銆€?銆佲槄鏌℃墭闄㈠ご杈冭洂?/p>

銆€銆€鐢变簬H鐨勯珨绌嶅皬锛�1 鍊�(g猫)H鍙兘褰㈡垚涓€鍊�(g猫)姘嵉;鐢变簬H鐨勫叐鍋�(c猫)闆昏矤(f霉)鎬фサ澶х殑鍘熷瓙鐨勮矤(f霉)闆绘帓鏂�锛屼娇鍏╁€�(g猫)鍘熷瓙鍦℉鍏╁伌(c猫)鍛堢洿绶氭帓鍒�銆傞櫎闈炲叾瀹冨鍔涙湁杓冨ぇ褰遍熆鏅�(sh铆)锛屾墠鏀硅畩鏂瑰悜銆�

銆€?銆侇暱婊廔鐨勫挤(qi谩ng)搴�

銆€銆€姘嵉鐨勫挤(qi谩ng)搴︿粙浜庡寲瀛�(xu茅)閸靛拰鍒嗗瓙闁撲綔鐢ㄥ姏涔嬮枔锛屽叾澶у皬鍜� H鍏╁伌(c猫)鐨勫師瀛愮殑闆昏矤(f霉)鎬ф湁闂�(gu膩n)锛岃(ji脿n)涓嬪垪姘嵉鐨勯嵉鑳芥暩(sh霉)鎿�(j霉):

銆€銆€F-H····F O-H····O N-H····N

銆€銆€E / kJ ·mol-1 28.0 18.8 5.4

銆€?銆侊紬鑲胯Ь?n猫i)姘嵉

銆€銆€涓婇潰璜囩殑姘嵉鍧囧湪鍒嗗瓙闁撳舰鎴愶紝鑻鍏╁伌(c猫)鐨勯浕璨�(f霉)鎬уぇ鐨勫師瀛愬爆浜庡悓涓€鍒嗗瓙锛屽墖鐐哄垎瀛愬収(n猫i)姘嵉銆傚 HNO3

銆€銆€(3) 姘嵉灏�(du矛)浜庡寲鍚堢墿鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫奖闊�

銆€銆€鍒嗗瓙闁撳瓨鍦ㄦ矮閸垫檪(sh铆)锛屽ぇ澶у湴褰遍熆浜嗗垎瀛愰枔鐨勭祼(ji茅)鍚堝姏锛屾晠鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭啍榛�(di菐n)銆佹哺榛�(di菐n)灏囧崌楂�銆傚瓨鍦ㄥ垎瀛愰枔姘嵉鐨勶紝鑸囧垎瀛愰噺鐩稿悓鐨勭劇(w煤)鍒嗗瓙闁撴矮閸电殑鍒嗗瓙鐩告瘮 锛屽墠鑰呯殑b. p. 楂� 銆�

銆€銆€HF銆丠Cl銆丠Br銆丠I锛氬崐寰戜緷娆″澶�锛岃壊鏁ｅ姏澧炲姞锛宐. p. 渚濇澧為珮锛� HCl < HBr < HI ;浣嗙敱浜嶩F鍒嗗瓙闁撴湁姘嵉锛屾晠HF鐨� b. p. 鍦ㄩ€欏€�(g猫)搴忓垪涓渶楂橈紝鐮村浜嗗緸宸﹀埌鍙� b. p. 鍗囬珮鐨勮(gu墨)寰�銆�

銆€銆€H2O锛孨H3 鐢变簬鍒嗗瓙闁撴矮閸电殑瀛樺湪锛屽湪鍚屾棌姘寲鐗╀腑 b. p. 浜︽槸鏈€楂�銆�

銆€銆€H2O鍒嗗瓙闁擄紝HF鍒嗗瓙闁撴矮閸靛緢寮�(qi谩ng)锛屼互鑷翠簬鍒嗗瓙鐧�(f膩)鐢熺窢鍚�銆� 缍�(j墨ng)甯镐互 ( H2O ) 2 锛�( H2O ) 3 鍜� ( HF ) 2 锛�( HF ) 3 褰㈠紡瀛樺湪銆傝€屽叾涓� ( H2O ) 2 鐨勬帓鍒楁渶绶婂瘑锛屼笖4鈩� 鏅�(sh铆) ( H2O ) 2 姣斾緥鏈€澶э紝鏁�4鈩� 鏅�(sh铆)姘寸殑瀵嗗害鏈€澶�銆�

銆€銆€鍙互褰㈡垚鍒嗗瓙鍏�(n猫i)姘嵉鏅�(sh铆)锛屽嫝(sh矛)蹇呭墛寮卞垎瀛愰枔姘嵉鐨勫舰鎴�銆傛晠鏈夊垎瀛愬収(n猫i)姘嵉鐨勫寲鍚堢墿鐨勬哺榛�(di菐n)锛岀啍榛�(di菐n)涓嶆槸寰堥珮銆�

銆€銆€濡傛灉娌�(m茅i)鏈夋矮閸�锛屾按鐨勬哺榛�(di菐n)灏囨槸澶氬皯?濡傛灉娌�(m茅i)鏈夋矮閸靛瓨鍦�.閭ｄ箞甯告韩涓嬫按灏囧畬鍏ㄦ埃鍖�锛屼節涓嶆渻(hu矛)鍑虹従(xi脿n)鐢熷懡涓栫晫锛屾槸涓€鍊�(g猫)姝诲瘋鐨勪笘鐣�銆�

銆€銆€鍥涖€侀洟瀛愭サ鍖�(浜嗚В)

銆€銆€闆㈠瓙鍦ㄩ浕鍫�(ch菐ng)涓敘(ch菐n)鐢熻獦灏�(d菐o)鍋舵サ鐨勭従(xi脿n)璞＄ū鐐洪洟瀛愭サ鍖栫従(xi脿n)璞�銆傞洟瀛愬叿鏈夎畩褰㈡€�锛屾墍浠ュ彲浠ヨ澶栭浕鍫�(ch菐ng)妤靛寲銆�

銆€銆€闆㈠瓙浣滅偤甯堕浕寰矑锛岃嚜韬張鍙互璧烽浕鍫�(ch菐ng)浣滅敤锛屽幓浣垮叾瀹冮洟瀛愯畩褰�銆傞洟瀛愰€欑ó鑳藉姏绋辩偤妤靛寲鑳藉姏銆�

銆€銆€鏁呴洟瀛愭湁浜岄噸鎬э細璁婂舰鎬у拰妤靛寲鑳藉姏銆備竴鑸櫧(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鑰冩叜妤靛寲鎬�锛岄櫚闆㈠瓙鑰冩叜璁婂舰鎬�銆�

銆€銆€1銆佸奖闊胯畩褰㈡€х殑鍥犵礌(浜嗚В)

銆€銆€(1)绨�(ji菐n)鍠洟瀛�

銆€銆€r 澶у墖璁婂舰鎬уぇ锛屾晠闄伴洟瀛愮殑璁婂舰鎬ч’寰椾富瑕�銆傞櫧(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙涓彧鏈塺鐩哥暥(d膩ng)澶х殑濡� Hg 2 + 锛孭b 2 + 锛孉g + 绛夋墠鑰冩叜鍏惰畩褰㈡€�銆�

銆€銆€闆昏嵎鏁�(sh霉)鐨勪唬鏁�(sh霉)鍊艰秺澶�锛岃畩褰㈡€ц秺灏�锛屽

銆€銆€Si 4 +< Al 3 + < Mg 2 + < Na+ < ( Ne ) < F- < O 2-

銆€銆€闆诲瓙妲�(g貌u)鍨嬶紝澶栧堡(娆″灞�)闆诲瓙瓒婂锛岃畩褰㈡€ц秺澶�銆�

銆€銆€Na+ < Cu+ ; Ca 2 + < Cd 2 +

銆€銆€(2 ) 寰�(f霉)闆滈櫚闆㈠瓙璁婂舰鎬у皬

銆€銆€SO4 2- 锛孋lO4- 锛孨O3- r闆栧ぇ锛屼絾闆㈠瓙灏�(du矛)绋辨€ч珮锛屼腑蹇冮洟瀛愭哀鍖栨暩(sh霉)鍙堥珮锛屾媺闆诲瓙鑳藉姏寮�(qi谩ng)锛屼笉鏄撹畩褰�銆�

銆€銆€缍滃悎鑰冩叜锛岃畩褰㈡€уぇ鐨勬湁锛� I-锛孲2-锛孉g+锛孒g2 +锛孭b2 + ;

銆€銆€璁婂舰鎬у皬鐨勬湁 Be 2 +锛孉l 3 +锛孲i 4 +锛孲O4 2- 绛�銆�

銆€銆€2銆佸奖闊挎サ鍖栬兘鍔涚殑鍥犵礌(浜嗚В)

銆€銆€妤靛寲鑳藉姏鐨勫(sh铆)璩�(zh矛)鏄洟瀛愪綔鐐洪浕鍫�(ch菐ng)鏅�(sh铆)闆诲牬(ch菐ng)寮�(qi谩ng)搴︾殑楂旂従(xi脿n)銆�

銆€銆€r 灏忓墖妤靛寲鑳藉姏寮�(qi谩ng)锛屽洜姝� Na + > K + > Rb + > Cs + 锛�

銆€銆€Li + 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涘緢澶�锛孒+ 鐨勯珨绌嶅拰鍗婂緫鍧囨サ灏�锛屾晠妤靛寲鑳藉姏鏈€寮�(qi谩ng)銆�

銆€銆€r鐩歌繎鏅�(sh铆)锛岄浕鑽锋暩(sh霉)瓒婇珮妤靛寲鑳藉姏瓒婂挤(qi谩ng) 銆�

銆€銆€Mg 2 + ( 8e锛�65 pm ) < Ti 4 + ( 8e锛�68 pm )

銆€銆€r鐩歌繎锛岄浕鑽风浉鍚屾檪(sh铆)锛屽灞ら浕瀛愭暩(sh霉)瓒婂锛屾サ鍖栬兘鍔涜秺寮�(qi谩ng)銆傚師鍥犳槸澶栧堡闆诲瓙灏�(du矛)鏍哥殑涓拰杓冨皬锛屾晠鏈夋晥闆昏嵎楂樹簺銆�

銆€銆€Pb 2 +锛孼n 2 + ( 18锛�18 + 2 ) > > Fe 2 +锛孨i 2 + (8~18) >> Ca 2 +锛孧g 2 + (8 e)

銆€銆€3銆侀洟瀛愭サ鍖栧皪(du矛)鍖栧(xu茅)閸甸鍨嬬殑褰遍熆(鎺屾彙)

銆€銆€闆㈠瓙閸垫槸闆㈠瓙涔嬮枔鐨勪綔鐢�銆傛闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕瀛愯綁(zhu菐n)绉荤郸浜嗚矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙銆傜暥(d膩ng)妤靛寲鑳藉姏寮�(qi谩ng)鐨勬闆㈠瓙鍜岃畩褰㈡€уぇ鐨勮矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙鎺ヨ繎鏅�(sh铆)锛岀櫦(f膩)鐢熸サ鍖栫従(xi脿n)璞�銆傝矤(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕瀛愪簯璁婂舰锛屽嵆璨�(f霉)闆㈠瓙鐨勯浕瀛愯鎷夊悜鍏╂牳涔嬮枔锛屼娇鍏╂牳闁撶殑闆诲瓙浜戝瘑搴﹀澶�銆備簬鏄洟瀛愰嵉鎴愬垎鐨勭櫨鍒�?j菒n)?sh霉)娓涘皯锛屽叡鍍�(ji脿)閸垫垚鍒嗙殑鐧惧垎?j菒n)?sh霉)澧炲ぇ锛岄洟瀛愰嵉鍚戝叡鍍�(ji脿)閸甸亷(gu貌)娓�銆�

銆€銆€闆㈠瓙妤靛寲鐨勭祼(ji茅)鏋滀娇闆㈠瓙鏅堕珨涓嚭鐝�(xi脿n)闆㈠瓙灏�(du矛)鎴栧垎瀛愬柈浣� 锛屽緸鑰屽皫(d菐o)鑷撮洟瀛愭櫠楂斿悜鍒嗗瓙鏅堕珨閬�(gu貌)娓�銆傞€欑ó閬�(gu貌)娓″墖浣垮緱鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭啍榛�(di菐n)锛屾哺榛�(di菐n)闄嶄綆锛屽湪姘翠腑鐨勬憾瑙ｆ€ч檷浣�銆�(閸靛瀷鐨勬敼璁婏細闆㈠瓙閸�→鍏卞児(ji脿)閸�)

銆€銆€寰為洟瀛愰嵉寮�(qi谩ng)搴﹁€冩叜锛� Al 2 O3 闆㈠瓙闆昏嵎+ 3灏�(du矛)-2鎳�(y墨ng)姣擬gO 鐨�+ 2 灏�(du矛)-2 鐨勯洟瀛愰嵉寮�(qi谩ng) 锛宮. p. 楂�銆備絾浜嬪(sh铆)骞堕潪濡傛銆�

銆€銆€閫欒(shu艒)鏄庝簡 Al 2O 3 鐨勫叡鍍�(ji脿)鎴愪唤姣� Mg O澶�銆�

銆€銆€寰為洟瀛愭サ鍖栫悊璜栬€冩叜锛屽洜?y脿n)閿砽 3 + 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涘挤(qi谩ng)锛岄€犳垚 Al 2O3 姣� MgO鏇村偩鍚戜簬鍒嗗瓙鏅堕珨 銆�

銆€銆€4銆佺浉浜掓サ鍖�

銆€銆€Al2O3 涓瑼l 3 + 灏�(du矛) O 2- 鏂藉姞闆诲牬(ch菐ng)浣滅敤锛屼娇 O 2- 璁婂舰锛岀暥(d膩ng)鐒� O 2- 灏�(du矛) Al 3 + 涔熸湁妤靛寲鑳藉姏銆備絾 Al 3 + 璁婂舰鎬фサ灏�锛屾晠閫欓儴鍒嗕綔鐢ㄤ笉蹇呰€冩叜;浣嗘闆㈠瓙鑻ヤ笉鏄� 8 e 鐨� Al 3 +锛岃€屾槸 ( 18 + 2 ) e 銆�18 e 鐨勬闆㈠瓙锛屼笉鑰冩叜鑷韩鐨勮畩褰㈡€у墖鏄笉琛岀殑銆�

銆€銆€鏃㈣€冩叜闄�(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙灏�(du矛)闄伴洟瀛愮殑妤靛寲锛屽張鑰冩叜闄伴洟瀛愬皪(du矛)闄�(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鐨勬サ鍖栵紝绺界殑绲�(ji茅)鏋滅ū鐩镐簰妤靛寲

銆€銆€鍦ㄨ◣璜� Zn I2 銆丆d I2 銆丠g I2涓夎€呯殑闆㈠瓙妤靛寲鍟�(w猫n)椤屾檪(sh铆)锛岃嫢鍙€冩叜Zn 2 +锛孋d 2 +锛孒g 2 + 灏�(du矛)I- 鐨勬サ鍖栦綔鐢�锛屾噳(y墨ng)寰楀嚭 Zn I2 鐨勬サ鍖栫▼搴︽渶澶х殑绲�(ji茅)璜栥€傚洜?y脿n)妲款惥鍙╃⒕濮句笂鍡�?锛岄浕瀛愬堡绲�(ji茅)妲�(g貌u)鐩稿悓锛岃€孼n 2 +鐨� r 鏈€灏�銆傚嵆Zn I2 鐨勭啍榛�(di菐n)锛屾哺榛�(di菐n)浣�锛岃€孒g I2 鐨勭啍榛�(di菐n)锛屾哺榛�(di菐n)楂� 銆備絾閫欒垏瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)绲�(ji茅)鏋滄槸涓嶇浉绗︾殑銆傚師鍥犲湪浜庢矑(m茅i)鏈夎€冩叜 Zn 2 +锛孋d 2 +锛孒g 2 + 鐨勮畩褰㈡€�锛屾矑(m茅i)鏈夎€冩叜鐩镐簰妤靛寲銆俍n 2 + 鐨勮畩褰㈡€ф渶灏�锛� Hg 2 + 鐨勮畩褰㈡€ф渶澶�銆傛晠鐩镐簰妤靛寲鐨勭附绲�(ji茅)鏋滄槸Hg I2 鏈€澶�銆俍n I2锛孋d I2锛孒g I2 寰炲乏鍒板彸锛岀啍榛�(di菐n)鍜屾憾瑙ｅ害渚濇闄嶄綆 銆�

銆€銆€绲�(ji茅)璜栵細 鍦ㄩ亣鍒伴櫧(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鐐� Pb 2 +锛孉g +锛孒g 2 + 绛夋檪(sh铆)锛岃娉ㄦ剰鐢ㄧ浉浜掓サ鍖栬В閲嬪晱(w猫n)椤屻€�

銆€銆€鍙嶆サ鍖栦綔鐢�

銆€銆€NO3- 涓績鐨� N ( V )锛屾サ鍖栦綔鐢ㄥ緢寮�(qi谩ng)锛屼娇姘х殑闆诲瓙浜戣畩褰�銆�

銆€銆€HNO3 鍒嗗瓙涓�锛� H+ 灏�(du矛)鑸囧叾閯拌繎鐨勬哀鍘熷瓙鐨勬サ鍖栵紝鑸� N ( V ) 灏�(du矛)閫欏€�(g猫)姘у師瀛愮殑妤靛寲浣滅敤鐨勬晥鏋滅浉鍙�銆�

銆€銆€鎴戝€戠ūH+ 鐨勬サ鍖栦綔鐢ㄧ偤鍙嶆サ鍖栦綔鐢�锛屽氨鏄垏N ( V ) 鐨勬サ鍖栦綔鐢ㄧ浉姣旇純鑰岃█鐨�銆�

銆€銆€鐢变簬H+ 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涙サ寮�(qi谩ng)锛岄€欑ó鍙嶆サ鍖栦綔鐢ㄥ皫(d菐o)鑷碠-N閸电祼(ji茅)鍚堝姏娓涘急锛屾墍浠ョ閰稿湪杓冧綆鐨勬韩搴︿笅灏囧垎瑙�锛岀敓鎴� NO2 銆�

銆€銆€4 HNO3 —— 4 NO2 + 2 H2O + O2

銆€銆€Li + 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涙浜嶩+ 锛屼絾寮�(qi谩ng)浜嶯a + 锛屾晠绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€ч棞(gu膩n)绯绘湁

銆€銆€HNO3 < LiNO3 < NaNO3

銆€銆€绲�(ji茅)璜栵細涓€鑸惈姘ч吀鐨勯菇姣斿惈姘ч吀绌�(w臎n)瀹�锛屼緥濡� H2SO3锛孒2S2O3 绛夊緱涓嶅埌绱斿搧锛屼絾鍏堕菇鏄瘮杓冪┅(w臎n)瀹氱殑銆�

銆€銆€浠ヤ笂鏄緸闄�(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鐨勫弽妤靛寲鑳藉姏鑰冩叜鍟�(w猫n)椤�銆傝嫢闄�(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鐩稿悓锛屽墖鍖栧悎鐗╃殑绌�(w臎n)瀹氭€у皣鍙栨焙浜庝腑蹇冮洟瀛愮殑妤靛寲鑳藉姏鎴栬(shu艒)鎶垫姉鍙嶆サ鍖栦綔鐢ㄧ殑鑳藉姏銆�

銆€銆€纭濋吀鐨勭┅(w臎n)瀹氭€ч仩(yu菐n)楂樹簬浜炵閰� ;

銆€銆€AgNO3 444 鈩� 鍒嗚В 锛� AgNO2 140 鈩� 鍒嗚В銆�

銆€銆€鍏跺師鍥犲氨鏄疦 ( V ) 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涙瘮N ( III ) 鐨勬サ鍖栬兘鍔涘挤(qi谩ng) 锛屾垨鑰呰(shu艒)鎶垫姉 Ag + 锛孒+ 绛夐櫧(y谩ng)闆㈠瓙鐨勫弽妤靛寲浣滅敤鐨勮兘鍔涘挤(qi谩ng)銆�

銆€銆€绲�(ji茅)璜栵細楂樺児(ji脿)鍚哀閰稿強鍏堕菇姣�(鍚屼竴涓績鐨�)浣庡児(ji脿)鍚哀閰稿強鍏堕菇绌�(w臎n)瀹氥€�

銆€銆€5銆侀洟瀛愭サ鍖栦娇鐗╄唱(zh矛)婧惰В搴﹂檷浣�銆佸寲鍚堢墿鐨勯鑹插姞娣�

銆€銆€濡傦細AgF AgCl AgBr AgI

銆€銆€鍥�?y脿n)闂僌鍖栵紝闆㈠瓙鐨勫児(ji脿)闆诲瓙鏈�(hu矛)閬�(yu菐n)闆㈠熀鎱�(t脿i)

銆€銆€鏃㈢劧鍖栧悎鐗╃殑鍒嗗瓙鎴栭洟瀛愪箣闁撲腑瀛樺湪涓嶅悓鐨勪綔鐢�锛屽氨鏈�(hu矛)褰㈡垚涓嶅悓鐨勬櫠楂�銆�

銆€銆€     绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽: