閲嶉粸(di菐n)鎺ㄨ枽锛�2015骞撮浕姘ｅ伐绋嬪斧鑰冭│銆婃櫘閫氬寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬬煡璀�(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)鍖附

銆€銆€2015骞撮浕姘ｅ伐绋嬪斧鑰冭│銆婃櫘閫氬寲瀛�(xu茅)銆嬬煡璀�(sh铆)榛�(di菐n)锛氱啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)

銆€銆€鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)

銆€銆€鎴戝€戠煡閬�锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐧�(f膩)鐢熸檪(sh铆)锛屼即闅ㄨ憲鑳介噺鐨勮畩鍖�锛屽叾褰㈠紡闆栨湁澶氱ó锛屼絾閫氬父浠ョ啽鐨勫舰寮忔斁鍑烘垨鍚告敹銆傞€欑ó鍦ㄥ寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏅�(sh铆)鎵€鍚告敹鎴栨斁鍑虹殑鐔卞彨浣滃弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛岀啊(ji菐n)绋辩啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)鎴栧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔便€�

銆€銆€閫欑ó鐮旂┒鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓啽鑸囧叾浠栬兘閲忚畩鍖栫殑瀹氶噺闂�(gu膩n)绯荤殑瀛�(xu茅)绉戝彨浣滅啽鍖栧(xu茅)銆傜爺绌跺湪鍖栧(xu茅)璁婂寲鍜岀墿鐞嗚畩鍖栦腑浼撮毃鐨勮兘閲忚綁(zhu菐n)鎻涘拰鍌抽仦鐨勫(xu茅)绉戞槸鍖栧(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)銆�

銆€銆€涓€銆佸寲瀛�(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫父鐢ㄨ(sh霉)瑾�(y菙)

銆€銆€1銆� 绯荤当(t菕ng)鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧�

銆€銆€绯荤当(t菕ng)锛氱爺绌剁殑灏�(du矛)璞＄ū绯荤当(t菕ng)锛屼篃鍙珨绯�;鍦ㄥ寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭爺绌朵腑锛屾柟渚垮湴灏囨墍鏈夊弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗╁強鐢熸垚鐗╀綔鐐虹郴绲�(t菕ng)锛屾垨鑰呭彨楂旂郴銆�

銆€銆€鑻ユ寜绯荤当(t菕ng)鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧冩槸鍚﹀瓨鍦ㄧ墿璩�(zh矛)鎴栬兘閲忎氦鎻涘垎椤�锛岀郴绲�(t菕ng)鍓囧垎鐐猴細

銆€銆€灏侀枆楂旂郴(鏈€甯歌(ji脿n)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)楂旂郴)

銆€銆€鏁為枊(k膩i)楂旂郴

銆€銆€瀛ょ珛楂旂郴

銆€銆€鐠�(hu谩n)澧冿細绯荤当(t菕ng)涔嬪锛岃垏绯荤当(t菕ng)鏈夌浉浜掑奖闊挎墍鑳藉強鐨勯儴鍒嗙ū鐐虹挵(hu谩n)澧�銆�

銆€銆€2銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)

銆€銆€寮�(qi谩ng)搴︽€ц唱(zh矛)锛歍銆乸锛岃垏楂旂郴涓墿璩�(zh矛)鏁�(sh霉)閲忕劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€寤ｅ害鎬ц唱(zh矛)锛歏銆乶銆丆銆乁銆丼銆丟……鑸囬珨绯讳腑鐗╄唱(zh矛)鏁�(sh霉)閲忔垚姝ｆ瘮锛屽叿鏈夊姞鍜屾€с€� 鑰�ρ銆乂m銆丆p銆乵……绛夊爆?g貌u)?qi谩ng)搴︽€ц唱(zh矛)銆�

銆€銆€3銆佺郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)锛氱郴绲�(t菕ng)涓€鍒囧畯瑙€鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勭稖鍚堣〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍙婄郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)銆傜暥(d膩ng)绯荤当(t菕ng)涓墍鏈夊寲瀛�(xu茅)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鍜岀墿鐞嗘€ц唱(zh矛)鍧囩⒑瀹氭檪(sh铆)锛岀ū绯荤当(t菕ng)铏曚簬涓€瀹氱殑鐙€鎱�(t脿i)銆傜⒑瀹氱郴绲�(t菕ng)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐨勬€ц唱(zh矛)锛岀ū鐐虹媭鎱�(t脿i)鎬ц唱(zh矛);濡俆銆乸锛� V銆乶銆丆銆乁銆丼銆丟绛�銆�

銆€銆€4銆佺媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛氱敤渚�(l谩i)鎻忚堪绯荤当(t菕ng)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐨勬煇涓€鍊�(g猫)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鎴栫墿鐞嗛噺锛岀ū鐐虹媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆�

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勫€硷紝鍙垏楂旂郴鎵€铏曠媭鎱�(t脿i)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛屾槸鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐨勫柈鍊煎嚱鏁�(sh霉)——鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆�

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勭壒寰侊細

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鑸囩媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)涓€涓€灏�(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng);

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)璁婂寲鏅�(sh铆)锛岀媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勫€间篃璁婂寲;

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鏀硅畩閲忓彧鑸囩郴绲�(t菕ng)濮嬫厠(t脿i)鍜岀祩鎱�(t脿i)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛岃垏璁婂寲鐨勯€斿緫鐒�(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€绯荤当(t菕ng)涓媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)闁撴槸鏈夐棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑锛屾湁鏅�(sh铆)鍙敤鏂圭▼寮忚〃绀猴紝濡俻V=nRT銆�

銆€銆€5銆侀€斿緫鍜岄亷(gu貌)绋嬶細

銆€銆€鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐧�(f膩)鐢熻畩鍖栫殑缍�(j墨ng)閬�(gu貌) 绋遍亷(gu貌)绋�銆傚畬鎴愰€欏€�(g猫)閬�(gu貌)绋嬬殑鍏烽珨姝ラ绋遍€斿緫銆�

銆€銆€绛夋韩閬�(gu貌)绋嬶細鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍓嶅悗婧害涓嶈畩 ( 鈯縏 = 0)

銆€銆€绛夊閬�(gu貌)绋嬶細鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍓嶅悗澹撳姏涓嶈畩 (鈯縋 = 0)

銆€銆€绛夊閬�(gu貌)绋嬶細鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍓嶅悗楂旂⿳涓嶈畩 (鈯縑 = 0)

銆€銆€绲曠啽閬�(gu貌)绋嬶細鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓珨绯昏垏鐠�(hu谩n)澧冪劇(w煤)鐔遍噺浜ゆ彌 (q = 0)

銆€銆€6銆佺啽鍜屽姛(娌�(m茅i)鏈夐亷(gu貌)绋嬪氨娌�(m茅i)鏈夌啽鍜屽姛)锛�

銆€銆€楂旂郴鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧冧箣闁撳洜婧害涓嶅悓鑰屼氦鎻涙垨鍌抽仦鐨勮兘閲忕ū鐐虹啽(q)銆�

銆€銆€q>0, 楂旂郴鍚告敹鐔遍噺

銆€銆€q<0, 楂旂郴閲嬫斁鐔遍噺

銆€銆€闄ょ啽涔嬪锛岄珨绯昏垏鐠�(hu谩n)澧冧箣闁撲互鍏跺畠褰㈠紡浜ゆ彌鎴栧偝閬炵殑鑳介噺绋辩偤鍔�(w)銆�

銆€銆€鑻ヨ(gu墨)瀹� w>0, 楂旂郴灏�(du矛)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨仛鍔熺偤姝ｆ檪(sh铆) 绗竴瀹氬緥鈯縐=q-W ;

銆€銆€鑻ヨ(gu墨)瀹歸<0, 楂旂郴灏�(du矛)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冨仛鍔熺偤璨�(f霉)鏅�(sh铆) 绗竴瀹氬緥鈯縐=q+W

銆€銆€楂旂⿳鍔燂細鐢变簬绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勯珨绌嶇櫦(f膩)鐢熻畩鍖栬€岃垏鐠�(hu谩n)澧冧氦鎻涚殑鍔熺ū鐐洪珨绌嶅姛锛屽張绋辫啫鑴瑰姛銆俉=P鈯縑

銆€銆€7銆佸収(n猫i)鑳斤細涔熺ū涔嬬偤绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勭啽鍔涘(xu茅)鑳�锛岀敤绗﹁櫉(h脿o)U琛ㄧず;SI鍠綅鐐篔;鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳芥寚绯荤当(t菕ng)鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄨ唱(zh矛)榛�(di菐n)(寰矑)鑳介噺鐨勭附鍜�銆傚鍒嗗瓙鐨勫钩鍕�(d貌ng)鑳�銆佽綁(zhu菐n)鍕�(d貌ng)鑳�銆佸垎瀛愰枔鍕�(sh矛)鑳�銆佸師瀛愰枔閸佃兘鍙婇浕瀛愰亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鑳界瓑銆�

銆€銆€灏�(du矛)鍏�(n猫i)鑳界殑骞鹃粸(di菐n)瑾�(shu艒)鏄庯細(1)鍏�(n猫i)鑳芥垨鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳芥槸鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉);(2)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳藉叿鏈夊唬搴︽€ц唱(zh矛)锛屼篃灏辨槸鑸囩墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勮唱(zh矛)閲忔垚姝ｆ瘮;(3)鏄郴绲�(t菕ng)鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ矑瀛�(鍒嗗瓙銆佸師瀛�銆佸師瀛愬収(n猫i)閮ㄥ熀鏈矑瀛愬嫊(d貌ng)鑳藉拰鍕�(sh矛)鑳�)鑳介噺鐨勭附鍜�锛屼笉鍖呮嫭绯荤当(t菕ng)鏁撮珨閬�(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勫嫊(d貌ng)鑳藉拰鍕�(sh矛)鑳�;(U=Ut+Ur+Uv+U鍒嗗瓙闁�+Ue+U鏍�+…);(4)鐢变簬绯荤当(t菕ng)鍏�(n猫i)閮ㄧ矑瀛愰亱(y霉n)鍕�(d貌ng)鍙婄矑瀛愰枔鐩镐簰褰遍熆鏄京(f霉)闆滅殑锛屾墍浠ヨ縿浠婄偤姝㈢劇(w煤)娉曟簴(zh菙n)纰虹⒑瀹氱郴绲�(t菕ng)铏曚簬鏌愪竴鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬪収(n猫i)鑳界殑绲曞皪(du矛)鍊�锛岃€屽湪瀵�(sh铆)闅涜▓(j矛)绠椾腑鍍呭儏娑夊強鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳界殑璁婂寲閲�銆�

銆€銆€浜�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥

銆€銆€灏侀枆楂旂郴鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳�(鍏�(n猫i)鑳�)鐨勫閲�ΔU锛岀瓑浜庨珨绯诲緸鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩墍鍚告敹鐨勭啽閲弎 鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧冨皪(du矛)楂旂郴鎵€鍋氬姛W涔嬪拰——鑳介噺瀹堟亽瀹氬緥銆�

銆€銆€鍗筹細鈻砋 == q+w 閫欏氨鏄啽鍔涘(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥鐨勬暩(sh霉)瀛�(xu茅)琛ㄩ仈(d谩)寮忋€�

銆€銆€鑻�锛屼竴鍊�(g猫)灏侀枆绯荤当(t菕ng)鐢卞鎱�(t脿i)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳界偤U1璁婂埌绲傛厠(t脿i)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳界偤U2锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)绯荤当(t菕ng)寰炵挵(hu谩n)澧冧腑鍚哥啽q锛岀挵(hu谩n)澧冨皪(du矛)绯荤当(t菕ng)浣滃姛鐐簑锛�

銆€銆€鍓囷細鈻砋 = q – w (灏侀枆楂旂郴)

銆€銆€鈻� U== U2-U1锛� 琛ㄧず楂旂郴鍏�(n猫i)鑳界殑鏀硅畩;

銆€銆€q锛� 楂旂郴寰炵挵(hu谩n)澧冨惛鏀剁殑鐔�;

銆€銆€w锛� 楂旂郴灏�(du矛)鐠�(hu谩n)澧冩墍鍋氱殑鍔�锛屽彲浠ユ槸姗�(j墨)姊板姛銆侀浕鍔熴€侀珨绌嶈啫鑴瑰姛绛�銆�

銆€銆€鍖栧(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)鏄壒鎸囩瓑婧亷(gu貌)绋嬩腑鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛屽嵆鐣�(d膩ng)绯荤当(t菕ng)鐧�(f膩)鐢熶簡璁婂寲鍚�锛屼娇鍚勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗╃殑婧害鍥炲埌鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鍓嶅鎱�(t脿i)婧害锛岀郴绲�(t菕ng)鏀惧嚭鎴栧惛鏀剁殑鐔遍噺銆�

銆€銆€1銆佺啽鍖栧(xu茅)鏂圭▼寮�—— 妯�(bi膩o)鏄庡弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬柟绋嬪紡

銆€銆€C(鐭冲ⅷ) + O2(g) = CO2(g)

銆€銆€鏇稿鐔卞寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忔檪(sh铆)闋堟敞鎰忥細

銆€銆€(1)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忎腑鍚勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐗┿€佺敘(ch菐n)鐗╄閰嶅钩;

銆€銆€(2)蹇呴爤妯�(bi膩o)鏄庡悇鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i);

銆€銆€(3) 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭創璁�(鐔辫畩鍖�)锛屾槸鎸�“1 mol 鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)”锛� 鑸囧弽 鎳�(y墨ng)寮忕殑瀵硶鏈夐棞(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)閫氬父鏈夊畾瀹瑰弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔卞拰瀹氬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔卞叐绋€備笅闈�锛屾垜鍊戞牴鎿�(j霉)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥閫�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋�銆�

銆€銆€2銆� 鎭掑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔�(qv)

銆€銆€鎭掑銆佷笉鍋氶潪楂旂⿳鍔熺殑鎯呮硜涓�锛屸柍V=0锛學’= 0

銆€銆€鏁咃細W= -p鈻砎+ W’=0

銆€銆€鏍规摎(j霉)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)绗竴瀹氬緥锛氣柍U =q+w 鈻砋 =qv

銆€銆€绲�(ji茅)璜栵細鎭掑姊濅欢涓�锛屽畾瀹瑰弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔卞叏閮ㄧ敤浜庢敼璁婄郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭啽鍔涘(xu茅)鑳�;鎴栬(shu艒)瀹氬鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔卞湪鏁�(sh霉)鍊间笂绛変簬绯荤当(t菕ng)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鑳界殑璁婇噺銆�

銆€銆€2銆佹亽澹撳弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔�(qp)鑸囩創(H)

銆€銆€(3)灏�(du矛)鐒撶殑骞鹃粸(di菐n)瑾�(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)锛�

銆€銆€鈶犵創鏄媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)锛屽叾璁婂寲鍙垏绯荤当(t菕ng)鐨勫绲傛厠(t脿i)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛岃垏璁婂寲閫斿緫鐒�(w煤)闂�(gu膩n);

銆€銆€濮嬫厠(t脿i) → 绲傛厠(t脿i)

銆€銆€H1 H2

銆€銆€绯荤当(t菕ng)鐒撳€肩殑璁婂寲锛氣柍H = H2 - H1

銆€?銆佽抖浜╊焿x寮忥細H=U+pV鑰岀煡锛屽洜?y脿n)闁�?n猫i)鑳界殑绲曞皪(du矛)鍊艰縿浠婄偤姝笉濂芥眰寰�锛屽墖鐒撶殑绲曞皪(du矛)鍊间篃涓嶅ソ姹傚緱锛屽湪瀵�(sh铆)闅涙噳(y墨ng)鐢ㄤ腑浜哄€戦棞(gu膩n)娉ㄧ殑鏄郴绲�(t菕ng)鐒撳€肩殑璁婂寲锛岀ū鐒撹畩锛岀敤绗﹁櫉(h脿o)鈻矵琛ㄧず銆�

銆€銆€鈶㈣(gu墨)瀹氾細 鈻矵 > 0 绯荤当(t菕ng)寰炵挵(hu谩n)澧冧腑鍚哥啽; 鈻矵 <0 绯荤当(t菕ng)鍚戠挵(hu谩n)澧冩斁鐔�銆�

銆€銆€鈶琚畾缇╃偤鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勭祫鍚�锛屼篃鐐虹媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉);鍏疯兘閲忛噺缍�锛屽柈浣�“J”鎴�“kJ”;

銆€銆€鍗崇暥(d膩ng)灏侀枆楂旂郴鐧�(f膩)鐢熶笉鍋氶潪楂旂⿳鍔熺殑鎭掑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏅�(sh铆)锛屽弽鎳�(y墨ng)楂旂郴鑸囩挵(hu谩n)澧冪殑鐔变氦鎻涜垏鐒撶殑璁婂寲閲忕浉绛夈€�

銆€銆€qp=鈻矵

銆€?銆佽徆鍒皔(t菕ng)鐨勭創鍊艰畩鍖栧叿鏈夊唬搴︽€ц唱(zh矛)锛屽嵆鐒撹畩鑸囩墿璩�(zh矛)璩�(zh矛)閲忔垚姝ｆ瘮銆�

銆€銆€鈶ュ皪(du矛)浜庢煇涓€鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屾閫嗗弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭創璁婃暩(sh霉)鍊肩浉绛�锛岀铏�(h脿o)鐩稿弽;

銆€?銆佸摻閫漜婧害鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛屼絾鏄創璁娾柍H鍦ㄤ竴瀹氭韩搴﹁寖鍦嶅収(n猫i)鑸囨韩搴﹁繎浼肩劇(w煤)闂�(gu膩n);琛ㄧず鐐猴細

銆€銆€鈻矵θ(298K)≈ 鈻矵θ(T)娉ㄦ剰锛氶€欐槸鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)瑷�(j矛)绠椾腑锛屽父鐢ㄧ殑绗竴鍊�(g猫)杩戜技闂�(gu膩n)绯�

銆€銆€鈶х創鐨勭墿鐞嗘剰缇╋細绛夋韩銆佺瓑澹撴浠朵笅锛岀郴绲�(t菕ng)璁婂寲鏅�(sh铆)绯荤当(t菕ng)鍏�(n猫i)鍒嗗瓙銆佸師瀛愬嫊(d貌ng)鑳�銆佸嫝(sh矛)鑳界殑绺藉拰銆�

銆€銆€3銆佸叕寮忊柍U=qV鍙娾柍H=qp鐨勬剰缇�

銆€銆€灏囧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔�(q)閫欎竴閬�(gu貌)绋嬪嚱鏁�(sh霉)锛屽湪涓€瀹氭浠朵笅鑸嘦銆丠閫欐ǎ鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)鐨勮畩鍖栭噺寤虹珛鑱�(li谩n)绯�锛屼娇鍏惰▓(j矛)绠楀彲渚濇柟渚跨殑閫斿緫瑷�(sh猫)瑷�(j矛)锛岃€屼笉蹇呴¨鍙婂(sh铆)闅涢€斿緫——鍖栧(xu茅)鐔卞姏瀛�(xu茅)鐨勫熀鏈€濇兂涔嬩竴銆�

銆€銆€灏�(du矛)浜庝笉鍋氶潪楂旂⿳鍔熺殑銆佸畾瀹规垨瀹氬鐨勫寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽彧瑕佸鏈厠(t脿i)纰哄畾锛屽嵆鍙敱鈻矵鍜屸柍U鐨勮▓(j矛)绠楀緱鍒扮浉鎳�(y墨ng)閬�(gu貌)绋嬬殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆�

銆€銆€涓�銆佽搵鏂畾寰嬪強鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)瑷�(j矛)绠�(鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔卞姞鍚堝畾寰�)

銆€銆€鏈変簺鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽彲浠ョ洿鎺ラ€氶亷(gu貌)褰堝紡娓�(c猫)寰楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)锛岃€屾湁浜涘弽鎳�(y墨ng)涓嶈兘鐩存帴娓�(c猫)寰�銆� 渚嬶細C(s)+Og(g) = CO(g) 锛岄偅涔�锛屼笉鑳界洿鎺ユ脯(c猫)寰楀弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔辩殑閭ｄ簺鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)锛屽皣鍙互閫氶亷(gu貌)钃嬫柉瀹氬緥閫�(j矛n)琛岃▓(j矛)绠�銆�

銆€銆€1840骞磋搵鏂緸澶ч噺鐔卞寲瀛�(xu茅)瀵�(sh铆)椹�(y脿n)涓附绲�(ji茅)鍑轰締(l谩i)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)绺藉€间竴瀹氬畾寰�锛屽悗渚�(l谩i)绋辩偤钃嬫柉瀹氬緥銆傚叾鍏�(n猫i)瀹规槸锛氬湪鎭掑鎴栨亽瀹规浠朵笅锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐔卞彧鑸囧弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勫鎱�(t脿i)鍜岀祩鎱�(t脿i)鏈夐棞(gu膩n)锛岃垏璁婂寲鐨勯€斿緫鐒�(w煤)闂�(gu膩n)銆�

銆€銆€閫欎篃灏辨槸瑾�(shu艒)锛� 涓€瀹氭浠朵笅锛屽寲瀛�(xu茅)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)涓嶈珫鏄竴姝ュ畬鎴愮殑锛岄倓鏄姝ュ畬鎴愮殑锛屽叾鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)(qp,m銆乹V,m)绺芥槸鐩稿悓鐨�銆�

銆€銆€

銆€銆€瀹冪殑鎰忕京鍦ㄤ簬锛氬彲寰炲凡缍�(j墨ng)鎴栬兘澶犵簿纰烘脯(c猫)瀹氱殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐔辨晥鎳�(y墨ng)锛屼締(l谩i)瑷�(j矛)绠楅洠浜庢垨鐒�(w煤)娉曟脯(c猫)瀹氱殑鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勭啽鏁堟噳(y墨ng)銆�

銆€銆€鍥�銆佺啽鍔涘(xu茅)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鑸囩墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�(鈻砯Hθm(B锛�298.15K))

銆€銆€涓婅堪宸蹭粙绱逛簡H鏄媭鎱�(t脿i)鍑芥暩(sh霉)銆傚洜姝�锛岀創鍊兼渻(hu矛)闅ㄧ郴绲�(t菕ng)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)璁婂寲鑰岀櫦(f膩)鐢熻畩鍖栥€傜偤浜嗙爺绌舵柟渚�锛屼汉鍊戦噰鐢ㄤ簡鐩稿皪(du矛)鐒撳€肩殑杈︽硶锛屽嵆纰哄畾鏌愪竴鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐐烘(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛屽緸鑰岃(gu墨)瀹氫簡鐩稿皪(du矛)鐒撳€�銆�

銆€銆€1銆佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)锛氬湪浠讳竴婧害T銆佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)澹撳姏pθ涓嬭〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍑� 鐞嗘兂姘ｉ珨鎬ц唱(zh矛)鐨勭磾姘ｉ珨鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐐烘埃鎱�(t脿i)鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i);娑查珨銆佸浐楂旂墿璩�(zh矛)鎴栨憾娑茬殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐐哄湪浠讳竴婧害T銆佹(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)澹撳姏pθ涓嬬殑绱旀恫楂斻€佺磾鍥洪珨鎴栨(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)婵冨害cθ鏅�(sh铆)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)銆�

銆€銆€骞鹃粸(di菐n)瑾�(shu艒)鏄庯細

銆€銆€(1)鐩墠锛屾垜鍦�(gu贸)瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾細妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)澹撳姏pθ = 100kPa (101.325kPa)

銆€銆€(2)绯荤当(t菕ng)涓悇鐗╄唱(zh矛)鍧囪檿浜庢(bi膩o)鎱�(t脿i)锛屽鏋滄槸绱旂悊鎯虫埃楂�锛屽墖鍚勭祫鍒嗙殑鍒嗗鍔涚偤pθ;濡傛灉鏄�(姘�)婧舵恫 锛屽墖婵冨害鐐烘(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)婵冨害锛�

銆€銆€楂旂⿳鎽╃埦婵冨害 锛� cθ=1mol · dm-3;

銆€銆€璩�(zh矛)閲忔懇鐖炬績搴︼細 mθ=1mol·kg-1锛屽毚(y谩n)鏍煎湴瑾�(shu艒)锛屾憾娑茬殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)婵冨害鎳�(y墨ng)瑭叉槸璩�(zh矛)閲忔懇鐖炬績搴�銆�

銆€銆€2銆佺墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�

銆€銆€(1)绗﹁櫉(h脿o)琛ㄧず锛�

銆€銆€鐗╄唱(zh矛)B鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撯柍fHθm(B)(298.15K)瀹氱京(f锛歠ormation)(m锛氭懇鐖惧弽鎳�(y墨ng))

銆€銆€(2)瀹氱京锛氱郸瀹氭韩搴﹀拰妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎱�(t脿i)涓嬶紝鐢辨寚瀹氬柈璩�(zh矛)(閫氬父鐐哄父婧父澹撲笅鏈€绌�(w臎n)瀹氳€�)鐢熸垚鍠綅鐗╄唱(zh矛)鐨勯噺鐨勭磾鐗╄唱(zh矛)B鏅�(sh铆)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐒撹畩锛岀ū鐐虹磾鐗╄唱(zh矛)B鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐢熸垚鐒�銆�

銆€銆€3銆佸咕榛�(di菐n)瑾�(shu艒)鏄庯細

銆€銆€(1)鐗瑰畾姊濅欢锛氭(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬬殑鐒撹畩锛屽鍔涚偤100kPa锛岄伕瀹氱殑婧害鐐�298.15K;

銆€銆€(2)瀹氱京涓殑“鎸囧畾鍠唱(zh矛)”锛屾槸鎸囬伕瀹氭韩搴﹀拰妯�(bi膩o)鎱�(t脿i)鏅�(sh铆)锛屾渶绌�(w臎n)瀹氱殑鐙€鎱�(t脿i) (涔熷彲浠ヨ(shu艒)甯告韩甯稿鏅�(sh铆)鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i))銆傛寚瀹氬柈璩�(zh矛)濡傦細H2(g)銆丆(鐭冲ⅷ)銆丳(鐧界７)銆丅r2(l)銆�

銆€銆€I2(s)绛�銆傝€屾(bi膩o)鎱�(t脿i)涓婤r2(g)锛孫3(g) 锛孋(閲戝墰鐭�)涓嶆槸绌�(w臎n)瀹氱媭鎱�(t脿i)鐨勫柈璩�(zh矛)銆�

銆€銆€(3) 瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾細铏曚簬绌�(w臎n)瀹氱媭鎱�(t脿i)鐨勫柈璩�(zh矛)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撶瓑浜庨浂锛屽嵆鈻砯Hθm(鎸囧畾鍠唱(zh矛))(298.15K)=0

銆€銆€(4)鐢熸垚鍠綅鐗╄唱(zh矛)閲忕殑绱旂墿璩�(zh矛)B鏅�(sh铆)鐨勫弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐒撹畩锛屽彲浠ョ偤锛�1mol绛夌瓑銆�

銆€銆€(5) 鈻砯Hθm鍠綅鐐� kJ·mol-1銆�

銆€銆€渚嬶細 浠ユ恫鎱�(t脿i)姘寸殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撶偤渚嬶細

銆€銆€H2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)(鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)寮忎腑姘寸殑瑷�(j矛)閲忔暩(sh霉)鏄�1锛屽墖瑭插弽鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐒撹畩灏辨槸娑叉厠(t脿i)姘寸殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�銆�)

銆€銆€2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l)

銆€銆€娉ㄦ剰锛氬湪閫欏€�(g猫)鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鏂圭▼寮忎腑鐢熸垚鐗╂按鐨勮▓(j矛)閲忔暩(sh霉)涓嶆槸1锛屾墍浠ヨ┎鍙嶆噳(y墨ng)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐒撹畩灏变笉鏄恫鎱�(t脿i)姘寸殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�銆�

銆€銆€4銆侀棞(gu膩n)浜庢按鍚堥洟瀛愮殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒�

銆€銆€瑕�(gu墨)瀹氫互姘村悎姘洟瀛怘+(aq)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撶偤闆�;閫氬父閬稿畾婧害鐐�298.15K锛屽浣� 鈻砯Hθm(H+aq,298.15K)==0

銆€銆€娉ㄦ剰锛氬湪鏌ラ檮閷勮〃a鍚勭墿璩�(zh矛)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎽╃埦鐢熸垚鐒撴檪(sh铆)銆�

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