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銆€銆€涓€ 姘撮浕瑙ｈ唱(zh矛)

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銆€銆€浜� 杓歌

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銆€銆€涓� 浼戝厠

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銆€銆€鍏� 鍦嶆湡

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銆€銆€鍏� 鎰熸煋

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銆€銆€3.杩疯蛋绁炵稉(j墨ng)绡€(ji茅)闄よ(sh霉)鈶犺糠璧扮缍�(j墨ng)鍗冨垏鏂封憽閬告搰鎬�(鑳冨乏杩疯蛋锛岃儍鍙�)鈶㈤珮閬告搰锛岀暀绔囬儴

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銆€銆€5.琛�(sh霉)鍚庤儍鍑鸿锛�24 灏忔檪(sh铆)鍏�(n猫i)

銆€銆€6.琛�(sh霉)鍚� 4-6 澶╋細鍚诲悎鍙ｇ矘鑶滃姝昏劔钀�

銆€銆€7.琛�(sh霉)鍚� 5-7 澶╋細鍚诲悎鍙ｇ樅

銆€銆€8.琛�(sh霉)鍚� 3-6 澶╋細鍗佷簩鎸囪吀娈樼鐮磋

銆€銆€9.鐦㈢棔鎬у菇闁€姊楅樆绐佸嚭鐧ワ細闋戝浐澶ч噺鍢斿悙闅斿瀹块锛屼綆閴€浣庢隘鍫夸腑姣�

銆€銆€10 鑳冪檶锛歑 绶氶媷椁愬父鐢ㄦ柟娉曠簴缍儍閺℃渶鏈夋晥锛岃儍娑茬窗(x矛)鑳炲(xu茅)妾㈡煡

銆€銆€11.鎬ユ€уぇ鍑鸿閮ㄤ綅锛氬崄浜屾寚鑵哥悆閮ㄥ悗澹佽儍灏忓綆鍋�(c猫)鍚庡

銆€銆€12.鎬ユ€х┛瀛斿ソ鐧�(f膩)鐞冮儴鍓嶅鍜屽皬璁�

銆€銆€13.鑳冨垏鍚庤钵琛€鐢变簬锛氬绱�(x矛)鑳炲収(n猫i)鍥犲瓙娓涘皯

銆€銆€14.鐧岀伓鐩寸稉(j墨ng)鈮�5mm锛氬井灏忚儍鐧岋細灞€闄愪簬榛忚啘涓嬪堡鑳冪檶锛氭棭鏈熻儍鐧�

銆€銆€鍗佸叓 鑵哥梾

銆€銆€1.鑵告闃昏ê鏂锋渶閲嶈锛氳吀澹佽閬�(y霉n)鏈夌劇闅滅锛屾槸鍚︾禐绐�

銆€銆€2.鑵告闃荤⒑瑷猴細X 绶氬彲瑕嬫恫姘ｉ潰

銆€銆€3.瑷烘柗閼掑垾鍠磾鎬у拰绲炵獎鎬ц吀姊楅樆鏈€鏈夋剰缇╂鏌ワ細鍢斿悙鐗╅毐琛€璁婅壊瑭﹂(y脿n)

銆€銆€4.宸﹀崐绲�(ji茅)鑵哥檶锛氱姊楅樆銆佽吂鐎変究绉樻簿娑茶渚�

銆€銆€5.鍙冲崐绲�(ji茅)鑵哥檶锛氬叏韬櫏鐙€銆佺泦琛€銆佽吂閮ㄨ叓濉�

銆€銆€6.绲�(ji茅)鑵哥檶鐥呯悊锛氣憼鑵鍨�(鍙冲崐澶�)鈶℃桨鐦嶅瀷鏈€甯歌(宸﹀苟澶氳)鈶㈡蹈娼�(r霉n)鍨�(澶氱櫦(f膩)涔欑媭鑸囩洿鑵镐氦鐣�)

銆€銆€7.绲�(ji茅)鑵哥檶涓昏娣嬪反绠℃鐐鸿琛岃吂鑶滅ó妞�

銆€銆€8.DukesAO 灞€闄愮矘鑶滃収(n猫i)锛�1 鏈熺矘鑶滀笅灞�锛�2 鏈熼仈(d谩)鑲屽堡鏈┛婕胯啘;B 鏈熼€忚吀澹佺劇娣嬪反杞�(zhu菐n)绉� C1 绌胯吀澹侊紝杞�(zhu菐n)绲�(ji茅)鑵告梺娣嬪反锛孋2 绌胯吀澹佽綁(zhu菐n)绯昏啘鏍归儴娣嬪反锛孌 閬�(yu菐n)铏曞拰鑵硅厰寤ｆ硾娴告饯(r霉n)

銆€銆€9.DukesA5 骞寸敓瀛樼巼 80%.B 鐐� 65%锛孋 鐐� 30%

銆€銆€10.纰鸿ê锛氱簴缍祼(ji茅)鑵搁彙 X 绶氭埃閶囩亴鑵�

銆€銆€鍗佷節闂�

銆€銆€1.闂屽熬鍕�(d貌ng)鑴堝洖绲�(ji茅)鑵稿嫊(d貌ng)鑴堢祩鏈垎鏀敮閰嶉棇灏剧殑绁炵稉(j墨ng)鎰熺缍�(j墨ng)鑵硅厰鍙㈠拰鍏�(n猫i)鑷熷皬绁炵稉(j墨ng)

銆€銆€2.鎬ユ€ч棇灏剧値鍏稿瀷鐧ョ媭杞�(zhu菐n)绉绘€у彸涓嬭吂鐥�

銆€銆€3.鎬ユ€ч棇灏剧値鍏稿瀷楂斿緛锛氬彸涓嬭吂澹撶棝

銆€銆€4.鎬ユ€ч棇灏剧値锛氱┛瀛旈仈(d谩) 30%楂斿緛涓嶆槑椤�

銆€銆€5.鑰佸勾浜烘€ユ€ч棇灏剧値锛氭槗绌垮瓟缂鸿澹炴

銆€銆€6.闂屽熬鎵嬭(sh霉)骞剁櫦(f膩)鐧ワ細鏈€甯歌鍒囧彛鎰熸煋銆佸嚭琛€銆佽吂鑶滅値.绯�.闂屽熬娈樻牚鐐�(淇濈暀瓒� 1 鍘樼背)

銆€銆€浜屽崄 鐩磋吀

銆€銆€1.鐩磋吀鎸囨锛氭渶绨�(ji菐n)鍠噸瑕� 75%鍙櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)澶т究娼涜鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鏃╂湡鐩磋吀鐧�锛岃兏鑶濅綅鏈€甯歌

銆€銆€2.缍�(j墨ng)鑵ユ渻(hu矛)闄拌伅(li谩n)鍚堢洿鑵哥檶鏍规不琛�(sh霉)(M鈭秎es 琛�(sh霉))璺濊倹闁€ 7cm 鍏�(n猫i)

銆€銆€3.缍�(j墨ng)鑵圭洿鑵哥檶鍒囬櫎琛�(sh霉)(Dixon 琛�(sh霉))鈭惰窛鑲涢杸 10cm 浠ヤ笂

銆€銆€4.缍�(j墨ng)鑵圭洿鑵哥檶鍒囬櫎锛岄仩(yu菐n)绔皝闁夋墜琛�(sh霉)锛屼汉宸ヨ倹闁€(Hartmann 琛�(sh霉))骞磋€侀珨寮�

銆€銆€5.鎷変笅寮忕洿鑵哥檶鍒囬櫎琛�(sh霉)锛氳窛鑲涢杸 7-10 涔嬮枔

銆€銆€6.鑲涜锛氳倹瑁傚墠鍝ㄧ棓涔抽牠鑲ュぇ(鐤肩棝浼磋渚�)

銆€銆€7.鑲涚樅锛氭绱㈢媭鐗�

銆€銆€8.鐩磋吀鎭倝锛氬湏褰㈡煍杌熸湁钂傝叓鐗╂寚濂楁湁楫

銆€銆€9.鑲涚鐩磋吀鐧岋細鑿滆姳鐙€纭湁鑶胯鍜岀矘娑�

銆€銆€10.鐥旓細纭祼(ji茅)

 

绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑷ㄥ簥鍩�(zh铆)妤�(y猫)閱�(y墨)甯€冭│妯℃摤瑭﹂涓嬭級锛堝绉戝(xu茅)锛�

绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑷ㄥ簥鍩�(zh铆)妤�(y猫)閱�(y墨)甯€冭│妯℃摤瑭﹂涓嬭級锛堝绉戝(xu茅)锛�

銆€銆€浜屼竴 鑲�

銆€銆€1.绱�(x矛)鑿屾€ц倽鑶胯叓鐗归粸(di菐n)锛氱獊鐧�(f膩)瀵掓埌(zh脿n)楂樼啽鑲濆崁(q奴)鐤肩棝銆佽倽澶�

銆€銆€2.闃跨矐鑲濊喛鑵壒榛�(di菐n)锛氱┛鍒哄嚭妫曡鑶挎恫

銆€銆€3.绱�(x矛)鑿岃倽鑶胯叓涓昏娌荤檪锛氭姉鐢熺礌

銆€銆€4.绱�(x矛)鑿屾€ц倽鑶胯叓锛岀窗(x矛)鑿岄€�(j矛n)鍏ヨ倽鑷熸渶甯歌閫旂稉(j墨ng)锛氳喗閬�(鑶芥簮鎬ц倽鑶胯叓)

銆€銆€5.鑲濈檶鏈€涓昏杞�(zhu菐n)绉伙細鑲濆収(n猫i)鎾暎锛屾櫄鏈燂細鑲濆崁(q奴)鑵

銆€銆€浜屼簩 闁€鑴�

銆€銆€1.闁€鑵旈潨鑴堝洓鍊�(g猫)浜ら€氭敮鈶犺儍搴曢绠′笅娈典氦閫氭敮(缍�(j墨ng)鑳冨啝鐙€銆佺煭缍�(j墨ng)鑳冨簳闈滆垏濂囥€佸崐濂囧尟鍚堟祦鍏ヤ笂鑵�)鐩磋吀涓嬬鍓嶅.浜ら€�.鑶滃悗

銆€銆€2.鍒嗘氮鏂锋祦琛�(sh霉)涓昏鍗€(q奴)鍒ワ細鍚戣倽琛€娴侀噺涓嶅悓

銆€銆€浜屼笁 鑶�

銆€銆€1.鑶界鐧岋細60 姝查€�(j矛n)琛屾€у姞閲嶆闃绘€ч粌鐤�锛孋ourvo鈭秙er 寰侀櫧(y谩ng)鎬ч櫠鍦熶究

銆€銆€2.鎬ユ€ф闃绘€у寲鑶挎€ц喗绠＄値锛歊eynolds 浜旇伅(li谩n)寰侊細鑵圭棝鐧�(f膩)鐔遍粌鐤镐紤鍏嬬簿绁炵櫏鐙€.鍥犺喗鐭虫墍鑷�

銆€銆€3.鑲濆鑶界绲�(ji茅)鐭筹細澶忕 Charcot 涓夎伅(li谩n)寰佽吂鐥涘瘨鎴�(zh脿n)楂樼啽榛冪柛

銆€銆€4.鎬ユ€ц喗鍥婄値锛氬彸涓婅吂绲炵棝銆佸ⅷ闈炲緛闄�(y谩ng)鎬�

銆€銆€5.鑶藉泭绲�(ji茅)鐭筹細闄崇櫦(f膩)鎬т笂鑵圭禐鐥涘悜鍙宠偐鏀炬暎鍗宠喗绲炵棝

銆€銆€浜屽洓 鑳�

銆€銆€1.鑳板扯绱犵槫锛歐hipple 涓夎伅(li谩n)寰�锛岃嚜鐧�(f膩)鎬у懆鏈熸€х櫦(f膩)浣滄€т綆琛€绯栵紝浣庝簬 2.8 钁¤悇绯栫珐

銆€銆€2.鎬ユ€ц儼鑵虹値锛氳吂鐥涙槸涓昏鐧ョ媭锛屽彸鑲╂斁灏勮棈(l谩n)妫曡壊鏂� Greytuner 鑷嶅懆钘�(l谩n)鑹叉敼璁� Cullen 寰�锛孋T 鏈夐噸瑕佹剰缇�

銆€銆€3.姘磋叓鍨嬪拰鍑鸿鍨嬪姝诲瀷鑳拌吅鐐庢渶鏈夊児(ji脿)鍊硷細榛冪柛

銆€銆€4.鑳伴牠鐧岋細鐒＄棝鎬ч€�(j矛n)琛屾€ч粌鐤�銆佺櫧鑹蹭究

銆€銆€5.澹鸿吂鐧岋細鐒＄棝鎬ч€�(j矛n)琛屾€ч粌鐤稿姞閲嶄即鑶藉泭鑵ぇ

銆€銆€浜屼簲 琛€绠�

銆€銆€1.澶ч毐闈滆剤鐡ｅ姛鑳借│椹�(y脿n)(Trendlenburg)30 绉掑厖鍒嗙泩浜ら€氶潨鑴堢摚涓嶅叏鎵庢琛€甯� 10 绉掓澗鑷笂鑰岀洰锛岄潨鑴堝姛鑳戒笉鍏�

銆€銆€2.娣遍潨鑴堥€氭殺(Perthes)锛氬ぇ鑵夸腑鎵庢琛€甯惰共 10 娆�锛屾洿鏄庨’锛屾繁闈滆剤涓嶉€�

銆€銆€3.浜ら€氱摚鑶滃姛鑳�(Pratt)锛氭墡 2 姊濇琛€甯�

銆€銆€浜屽叚 鑳�

銆€銆€1.鍠牴 4-7 鏄撻鎶� X 绶氶鎿︽劅纰鸿ê澶氶牠鑳稿付鍥哄畾

銆€銆€2.澶氭牴澶氳檿锛孹 绶氬弽甯稿懠鍚�锛屽闋付鍥哄畾鏁风背鍔犲鍖呮墡

銆€銆€3.30%浠ヤ笅姘ｈ兏涓嶉渶娌荤檪锛岃兏鑵旈枆寮忓紩娴侀帠楠ㄤ腑绶� 2 鑲�

銆€銆€4.琛€鑳稿拰鑶胯兏缍�(j墨ng)鑵嬩腑 6-8 鑲�锛岄渶鍙婃檪(sh铆)鍓栬兏鎺㈡煡(寮曟祦閲忛€� 3 灏忔檪(sh铆)姣忓皬鏅�(sh铆)瓒� 200)

銆€銆€5.寮靛姏鎬ф埃鑳搁€犳垚鍛煎惛寰挵(hu谩n)闅滅姗�(j墨)鐞嗭細鎮ｅ伌(c猫)鑲鸿悗闄风副闅斿悜鍋ュ伌(c猫)绉讳綅

銆€銆€6.蹇冭嚐澹撳(Beck)涓夎伅(li谩n)寰�)锛氶潨鑴堝鍗囬珮蹇冨急锛屽績闊抽仚閬�(yu菐n)鍕�(d貌ng)鑴堝浣�

銆€銆€浜屼竷 鑶胯兏

銆€銆€1.鑶胯兏鑷寸梾鑿岋細楠値鐞冨拰閺堢悆

銆€銆€2.绌垮埡鎶藉埌鑶挎眮鏈€婧�(zh菙n)纰�

銆€銆€3.鎱㈡€ц喛鑳革細鑳歌啘绾栫董鏉垮墲闄よ(sh霉)

銆€銆€浜屽叓 鑲虹檶

銆€銆€1.鑲虹檶鏈€甯歌.楸楃檶濂虫€э細鑵虹檶

銆€銆€2.闋�(y霉)鍚庢渶宸偤鐧岋細灏忕窗(x矛)鑳炵檶銆佸寲鐧傚ソ

銆€銆€3.楸楃媭绱�(x矛)鑳炵檶涓績鍨嬪瑕嬫穻宸寸偤涓�;鍖栫檪濂藉皬绱�(x矛)鑳炵檶涓績鍨嬪瑕嬶紝娣嬪反琛€琛�;鑵虹檶锛屽懆鍦嶅瀷锛岃琛�;澶х窗(x矛)鑳哥檶鍚勪笂 50%娣嬪反琛€琛�锛岀劇鐧ョ媭

銆€銆€4.鑲虹檶鏈€涓昏瑷烘柗鏂规硶锛歑 绶�锛屾敮姘ｇ閺�

銆€銆€5.鍛ㄥ湇鍨嬭偤鐧屽畾鎬э細绌垮埡

銆€銆€6.鍛ㄥ湇鍨嬶細瀛ょ珛鎬ф鍦撳舰褰憋紝鍒嗚憠鍒囪贰姣涘埡

銆€銆€浜屼節 椋熺鐧�

銆€銆€1.椋熺鍒嗛牳鑳�(涓婁腑涓�)鑵归儴

銆€銆€2.鈶犻珦璩�(zh矛)鍨�(鎯℃€ч珮)鐏扮櫧鈶＄府绐勫瀷鈶㈣晥鍌樺瀷鈶ｆ桨鐦嶅瀷

銆€銆€3.鏃╂湡鐧ョ媭涓嶆槑椤鍜芥劅鐣扮墿鎰�锛孹 绶氾細灞€闄愭€х毢瑗炲绮楀眬闄愬鍍电‖灏忓奖

銆€銆€4.涓櫄鏈燂細鍏呭垎鐩堢己澹佸鐙圭獎姊楅樆

銆€銆€5.椋熺鐧屽吀鍨嬬櫏鐙€锛氶€�(j矛n)琛屾€у悶鍜藉洶闆�

銆€銆€6.椋熺闈滆剤鏇插嫉锛氫覆鐝犳ǎ鏀硅畩

銆€銆€7.璩侀杸澶卞紱绶╃櫏锛氶偿鍢寸媭鐙圭獎

銆€銆€8.椋熺骞虫粦鑲岀檶锛氶绠¤厰澶栧杩矘鑶滃厜婊�

銆€銆€9.椋熺鐧屽鐧�(f膩)浜庯細鑳镐腑娈甸绠�

銆€銆€涓夊崄 绺遍殧

銆€銆€1.鍓嶇副闅旓細鐣歌儙鐦�锛岀毊妯ｅ泭鑵�銆佽兏鑴堢檶(鍓嶄笂)鑳搁鍚庣敳鐙€鑵鸿叓锛岀敳鐙€鏃佽吅鐦�

銆€銆€2.涓副闅旓細绺遍殧鍥婅叓(鏀埃绠�銆侀绠°€佸績鍖�)娣嬪反婧愭€ц叓鐦�

銆€銆€3.鍚庣副闅旓細绁炵稉(j墨ng)婧愭€ц叓鐦�

 

绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑷ㄥ簥鍩�(zh铆)妤�(y猫)閱�(y墨)甯€冭│妯℃摤瑭﹂涓嬭級锛堝绉戝(xu茅)锛�

绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽锛�鑷ㄥ簥鍩�(zh铆)妤�(y猫)閱�(y墨)甯€冭│妯℃摤瑭﹂涓嬭級锛堝绉戝(xu茅)锛�

銆€銆€涓変竴 楠ㄦ姌

銆€銆€1.楠ㄦ姌灏堟湁鈶犵暩褰⑩憽鍙�?锛涢?d貌ng)鈶㈤鎿︽劅闊�

銆€銆€2.鏃╂湡骞剁櫦(f膩)鐧ワ細鈶犱紤鍏嬧憽鑴傝偑鏍撳鈶㈣绠℃悕鍌封懀鍛ㄥ湇绁炵稉(j墨ng)鈶ら珦鈶ュ収(n猫i)鑷熷偡鈶﹂绛嬭啘缍滃悎寰�

銆€銆€3.鏅氭湡鈶犲绌嶆€ц偤鐐庘憽澹撶槨鈶笅鑲ユ繁闈滆剤琛€鏍撳舰鎴愨懀鎰熸煋鈶ゆ悕鍌锋€ч鍖栤懃鍓�(chu脿ng)鍌锋€ч棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鐐庘懄闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鍍电‖鈶х己琛€鎬ч澹炴鈶ㄧ己琛€鎬ц倢鏀ｇ府鈶╂€ユ€ч钀庣府

銆€銆€4.楠ㄦ姌鎰堝悎閬庣▼鈶犺鑵値鐧ユ(j墨)鍖�(2 鍛�)鈶″師濮嬮鐥傚舰鎴�(4 鑷� 8)鈶㈤鏉垮舰鎴愬褰�(8-12)

銆€銆€涓変簩 涓婅偄

銆€銆€1.浼哥洿鍨�(Colles 楠ㄦ姌)鈶犻鍙夌暩褰細閬�(yu菐n)鎶樼绉诲悜鑳屽伌(c猫)鈶℃鍒哄垁鐙€锛氶仩(yu菐n)鎶樼鍚戞﹫鍋�(c猫)绉讳綅

銆€銆€2.灞堟洸鍨� Smith 楠ㄦ姌锛氶仩(yu菐n)绔悜鎺屽伌(c猫)姗堝伌(c猫)绉讳綅

銆€銆€3.Barton 楠ㄦ姌锛氭﹫楠ㄩ仩(yu菐n)绔棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)闈㈤鎶樺悎骞惰厱闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鑴綅

銆€銆€4.閹栭鎶橈細鎮ｈ偐涓嬫矇锛屽仴鍋�(c猫)鎵樻偅鏅�(sh铆)閮ㄥ辜鍏掗潚鏋濋鎶樹笁瑙掑肪 3 鍛�锛岀Щ浣� 8 瀛楃箖甯�

銆€銆€5.鑲遍骞查鎶樻槗骞剁櫦(f膩)姗堢缍�(j墨ng)鎼嶄綔锛氬瀭鑵旀帉鎸囬棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)涓嶈兘浼哥洿鎷囦笉鑳戒几鐩达紝鎵嬭儗姗堝伌(c猫)鐨啔鎰熻娑堝け

銆€銆€6.鑲遍楂佷笂楠ㄦ姌锛氬厭绔ュ鑲橀儴鍚庣獊鍑哄崐灞堜綅

銆€銆€7.鏄撶櫦(f膩)鐢熺缍�(j墨ng)鍜岃绠℃悕浣滐細鑲遍楠ㄦ灉涓婇鎶�

銆€銆€8.灏虹缍�(j墨ng)锛氱埅褰⑩憼灏哄伌(c猫)鐨啔鎰熻娑堝け鐒″悇灏忔寚鎺屾寚闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)閬庝几鈶℃媷鎸囦笉鑳藉収(n猫i)鏀跺洓鎸囦笉鑳藉灞曞収(n猫i)鏀�

銆€銆€9.姝ｄ腑绁炵稉(j墨ng)鈶犳媷椋熶腑涓嶈兘鏇叉媷鎸囦笉鑳藉灞曞拰灏�(du矛)鎺�銆佹墜鎺屾挀鍋�(c猫)涓夊€�(g猫)鍗婃墜鎸囨劅瑕洪殰绀�

銆€銆€10.姗堥涓� 1/3 楠ㄦ姌骞跺昂楠ㄥ皬闋劔浣嶏細瀛熸皬楠ㄦ姌

銆€銆€11.灏洪涓� 1/3 楠ㄦ姌鍚堝苟姗堥灏忛牠鑴綅锛氳搵姘忛鎶�

銆€銆€涓変笁 涓嬭偄

銆€銆€1.鍏�(n猫i)鏀堕鎶橈細Pauwels 瑙掑ぇ 50 搴�

銆€銆€2.澶栧睍楠ㄦ姌锛歅auwels 瑙掑皬浜� 30 搴�(灞┅(w臎n)瀹�)

銆€銆€3.鑲￠闋搁鎶橈細鑰佸勾浜哄偡鑲㈢煭绺鏃忕暩褰㈤瀵鐥涳紝杌稿悜鍙╃棝锛欱ryant 涓夎搴曢倞鐭府鑲¤偗澶ц綁(zhu菐n)瀛愰爞绔湪 Nelaton 绶氫笂

銆€銆€4.鑲￠闋搁鎶樺垎椤�锛屾寜楠ㄦ姌绶氣憼鑲￠闋笅(澹炰簰鐜囬珮)鏃嬭偂鍏�(n猫i)澶栧伌(c猫)鍕�(d貌ng)鑴堚憽缍�(j墨ng)鑲￠闋�(浜庢粙椁�(y菐ng)鍕�(d貌ng)鑴堝崌鏀�)鈶㈠熀搴�(鏄撴剤)

銆€銆€5.鑲￠骞查鎶樺悎骞舵悕鍌凤細鏈堝湅(gu贸)琛€绠¤剾绁炵稉(j墨ng)鑵撶附绁炵稉(j墨ng)

銆€銆€6.鑴涢涓笅 1/3 鏈€鎶樻渶甯稿苟鐧�(f膩)鐧ワ細寤堕伈鎰堝悎

銆€銆€7.鑴涢涓笅 1/3 鏈€鎶樻渶鏄撶櫦(f膩)鐢燂細楠ㄧ瓔鑶滃缍滃悎寰�

銆€銆€8.鑴涢涓笅 1/3 浜ゆ帴铏曢鎶橈細鏄撶櫦(f膩)鐢熶紡鍏嬫浖(Valkmann)鑲℃懇绺�

銆€銆€9.鑴涢涓� 1/3 楠ㄦ姌锛氬箺鍕�(d貌ng)鑴堝垎鍙夊彈澹撻仩(yu菐n)绔己琛€

銆€銆€涓夊洓 鑴婃煴楠ㄧ泦

銆€銆€1.楠ㄧ泦楠ㄦ姌骞剁櫦(f膩)鐧ワ細鑵硅啘鍚庤鑵�銆佸翱閬撹唨鑳辨悕鍌凤紝鐩磋吀鐩嗚厰鑷熷櫒绁炵稉(j墨ng)鎼嶅偡

銆€銆€2.鑴婇珦鎼嶅偡绋嬪害鈶犺剨楂撻渿钑┾憽鎸偡鍑鸿鈶㈡柗瑁傗懀鑴婇珦鍙楀鈶らΜ灏炬悕鍌�

銆€銆€涓変簲 鑴綅

銆€銆€1.鑲╁苟绡€(ji茅)鑴綅锛氭柟鑲╃暩褰㈠綀鎬у浐瀹氶棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鐩傜┖ Dugas 闄�(y谩ng)鎬�(鍓嶈劔浣嶅瑕�)

銆€銆€2.鎵嬫硶鈶燞ippocrates 瓒宠宫娉曗憽Kocher 鏃嬭綁(zhu菐n)娉曗憿Stimson 鎳稿瀭娉�

銆€銆€3.鏅�(sh铆)闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鑴綅锛氬悗鑴綅澶氳鐗规湁锛氭檪(sh铆)鍚庝笁瑙掔暟甯�锛屾檪(sh铆)鍚庣┖铏�

銆€銆€4.姗堥闋崐鑴綅锛�5 姝蹭互涓嬪皬鍏�

銆€銆€5.楂栭棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鍚庤劔浣嶅吀鍨嬬暩褰細灞堟洸鍏�(n猫i)鏀跺収(n猫i)鏃�

銆€銆€6.楂栭棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鍓嶈劔淇犲吀鍨嬶細灞堟洸澶栧睍澶栨棆

銆€銆€7.楂栭棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)涓績鑴綅鍏稿瀷锛氭偅鑲㈢府鐭紝楂栭儴鐤肩棝銆佷紤鍏�

銆€銆€8.楂栭棞(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鍚庤劔浣嶆墜娉曗憼Allis 鎻愭媺娉曗憽Bigelow 鏃嬭綁(zhu菐n)娉曗憿Stinson 鎳稿瀭娉�

銆€銆€涓夊叚 鍐嶆

銆€銆€1.鏂疯偄锛氬父婧� 8 灏忔檪(sh铆)锛屼笂鑷傚ぇ鑵垮彲 24 灏忔檪(sh铆)锛�4 搴﹀共鐕ュ啺绠�

銆€銆€2.鎵嬪鍌峰壍(chu脿ng)鍙ｆ竻鍓�(chu脿ng)铏曠悊涓嶉伈浜� 8 灏忔檪(sh铆)

銆€銆€3.琛€绠″惢鍚� 2 鍛ㄨ倢閸� 4 鍛ㄧ缍�(j墨ng) 6 鍛�

銆€銆€涓変竷 鎼嶅偡

銆€銆€1.鑲╁懆鐐庝緷鎿�(j霉)锛氬灞曞鏃嬪悗浼稿彈闄愶細濂冲浜庣敺

銆€銆€2.鑲遍澶栦笂楂佺値锛氫几鑲岃叡鐗芥媺瑭﹂(y脿n) Mills 寰�锛屼几鏅�(sh铆)鎻℃嫵灞堣厱鍓嶆棆鍓嶈噦鏃嬪墠鏅�(sh铆)澶栧伌(c猫)鐤肩棝

銆€銆€3.鐙圭獎鎬ц叡闉樼値锛氬綀闊挎寚(灏忓厭鎵嬭(sh霉))

銆€銆€4.鑲￠闋杌熼鐥�(Perther)鐥呯悊鍒嗘湡缂鸿鏈�銆佽渚涢噸寤烘湡銆佹剤鍚堟湡銆佺暩褰㈡畼瀛樻湡 5锛�3-10 鍏掔鍠伌(c猫)澶�锛岃啙閮ㄧ柤鐥涢瑷猴紝楂斿緛璺涜 Thomeas 寰�锛岄珫闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)娲诲嫊(d貌ng)鍙楅檺

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銆€銆€涓夊叓 闂�(gu膩n)绡€(ji茅)鎰熸煋

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銆€銆€鍥涘崄 灏跨煶

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銆€銆€鍥涗竴 鐢熸畺鑵槫

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銆€銆€鍥涗簩 姊楅樆

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銆€銆€鍥涘叚 椤辩枬

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銆€銆€鍥涘叓 鑵﹀偡

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